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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
How do personality traits generally behave over time?
How do personality traits generally behave over time?
Which characteristic is associated with the Big Five trait of Openness?
Which characteristic is associated with the Big Five trait of Openness?
Which trait is focused on a person's organizational skills and dependability?
Which trait is focused on a person's organizational skills and dependability?
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Extraversion is primarily characterized by which of the following traits?
Extraversion is primarily characterized by which of the following traits?
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What two dimensions did Hans Eysenck use to categorize personality traits?
What two dimensions did Hans Eysenck use to categorize personality traits?
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According to social cognitive theory, how is personality primarily developed?
According to social cognitive theory, how is personality primarily developed?
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Which of the following is NOT listed as a personal factor in the social cognitive theory?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a personal factor in the social cognitive theory?
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What does the biological perspective suggest about personality?
What does the biological perspective suggest about personality?
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What common finding do 24 out of 29 studies suggest about personality?
What common finding do 24 out of 29 studies suggest about personality?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
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What personality trait is linked to higher anxieties and depressive tendencies?
What personality trait is linked to higher anxieties and depressive tendencies?
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How many personality traits are included in the Big Five model?
How many personality traits are included in the Big Five model?
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What did Raymond Cattell identify as the number of core personality traits?
What did Raymond Cattell identify as the number of core personality traits?
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Which statement about handwriting and personality traits is accurate?
Which statement about handwriting and personality traits is accurate?
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What are the implications of high levels of Neuroticism?
What are the implications of high levels of Neuroticism?
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In Gordon Allport's theory, which type of traits are considered less dominant in influencing behavior?
In Gordon Allport's theory, which type of traits are considered less dominant in influencing behavior?
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Which theorist emphasized the role of inheritance in human traits?
Which theorist emphasized the role of inheritance in human traits?
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Which of the following is NOT one of Cattell's five core personality traits?
Which of the following is NOT one of Cattell's five core personality traits?
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What did Allport use to organize personality traits?
What did Allport use to organize personality traits?
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What is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory?
What is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory?
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Which element of Freud's theory represents immediate gratification?
Which element of Freud's theory represents immediate gratification?
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What do Maslow and Rogers emphasize in humanistic theory?
What do Maslow and Rogers emphasize in humanistic theory?
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Which statement best describes the function of the superego?
Which statement best describes the function of the superego?
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Which theory includes the concepts of free will and personal awareness as key factors in personality development?
Which theory includes the concepts of free will and personal awareness as key factors in personality development?
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Who are the prominent figures behind the Humanistic Theory?
Who are the prominent figures behind the Humanistic Theory?
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What is the highest level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
What is the highest level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
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What characterizes the state of congruence in personality theory?
What characterizes the state of congruence in personality theory?
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Which theory argues that personality traits remain stable over time?
Which theory argues that personality traits remain stable over time?
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What need is ranked second in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
What need is ranked second in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
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What are the two main determinants of personality?
What are the two main determinants of personality?
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Which theory of personality was developed by Sigmund Freud?
Which theory of personality was developed by Sigmund Freud?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements of personality in Freudian theory?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements of personality in Freudian theory?
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Which personality theory focuses on individual growth and self-actualization?
Which personality theory focuses on individual growth and self-actualization?
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What is the central focus of the Social Cognitive Theory of personality?
What is the central focus of the Social Cognitive Theory of personality?
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What does the biological perspective primarily focus on in relation to personality?
What does the biological perspective primarily focus on in relation to personality?
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According to behaviorist theory, what is the main factor that develops a person's personality?
According to behaviorist theory, what is the main factor that develops a person's personality?
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Which of the following describes operant conditioning?
Which of the following describes operant conditioning?
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What is classical conditioning primarily concerned with?
What is classical conditioning primarily concerned with?
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Which statement best characterizes the behaviorist view of personality?
Which statement best characterizes the behaviorist view of personality?
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Which term is believed to be the origin of the word 'personality'?
Which term is believed to be the origin of the word 'personality'?
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What does personality generally encompass?
What does personality generally encompass?
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Which of the following best describes personality development?
Which of the following best describes personality development?
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What are the 'Big Five' traits commonly associated with?
What are the 'Big Five' traits commonly associated with?
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What are the two main influences considered in the nature versus nurture debate?
What are the two main influences considered in the nature versus nurture debate?
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Study Notes
Personality Development
- Personality traits tend to be stable, but can change slightly due to age or life experiences.
- The Big Five personality traits are: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
- High Neuroticism is linked to a greater risk of anxiety and depression.
Trait Theory
- Hans Eysenck emphasized that biological inheritance plays a significant role in personality traits.
- He categorized people based on dimensions such as extroversion vs. introversion, neuroticism vs. stability, and psychoticism vs. socialization.
Social Cognitive Theory
- Developed by Albert Bandura, this theory explains personality development through social learning and cognition.
- Individuals learn and develop personality by observing and imitating others, and choosing whether to emulate their behavior.
Social Cognitive Theory (Diagram)
- Environmental factors like social norms, community access, and influence on others shape personality.
- Behavioral factors such as skills, practice, and self-efficacy are also influential.
- Personal factors, including knowledge, expectations, and attitudes, play a crucial role in personality development.
Biological Perspective
- This perspective emphasizes the role of genetics in shaping personality.
- Research suggests that personality is heritable, meaning a component of personality is inherited.
Personality Determinants
- Heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) both contribute to personality development.
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Developed by Sigmund Freud, this theory proposes that human personality consists of three elements:
- Id: Driven by primal desires and immediate gratification.
- Ego: Mediates between the id and superego, aiming for balance.
- Superego: Represents moral compass and societal ideals.
Humanistic Theory
- Developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, this theory emphasizes the desire to achieve one's full potential.
- It focuses on psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness.
- This theory emphasizes the importance of personal growth and self-actualization.
Hierarchy of Needs
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a pyramid representing different levels of human needs.
- From bottom to top: Physiological needs (food, water), Safety needs (security), Belongingness and Love needs (relationships), Esteem needs (achievement, respect), and Self-actualization (fulfilling one's potential).
Incongruence vs. Congruence
- Incongruence: When the "Ideal Self" and "Perceived Self" are partially overlapping, leading to a sense of disconnect.
- Congruence: When the "Ideal Self" and "Perceived Self" fully overlap, indicating consistency and self-acceptance.
Trait Theory
- Developed by Raymond Cattell, this theory suggests that personality is a series of stable traits.
- He identified five core traits: Openness, Agreeableness, Extroversion, Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness.
Raymond Cattell's Theory
- Raymond Cattell argued that personality consists of stable traits.
- He identified five core traits:
- Openness
- Agreeableness
- Extroversion
- Neuroticism
- Conscientiousness
Gordon Allport's Theory
- Gordon Allport organized personality traits into a hierarchy:
- Cardinal Traits: Dominant and defining traits.
- Central Traits: Core traits that are easily observable.
- Secondary Traits: Less significant traits, often situation-specific.
Hans Eysenck's Theory
- Hans Eysenck emphasized the role of inheritance in personality development.
- He categorized people based on dimensions such as introversion vs. extroversion, neuroticism vs. stability, and psychoticism vs. socialization.
Biological Perspective
- This perspective focuses on biology, particularly genetics, in explaining personality development.
- Research suggests that a component of personality is heritable.
Brain Structure -> Personality
- Different brain structures are associated with various personality traits.
Behaviorist Theory
- This theory suggests that the environment shapes personality through learning and reinforcement.
- It emphasizes the role of conditioning in developing personality traits.
What is Behaviorism?
- Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology that focuses on observable actions.
- Operant Conditioning: Learning through associating behavior with consequences.
- Classical Conditioning: Learning by associating two unrelated stimuli with each other.
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter Objectives:
- Define personality from different perspectives.
- Explain the concept of personality development.
- Discuss various theories of personality.
- Enumerate factors that influence personality development according to different theories.
- Differentiate between nature and nurture in personality development.
- Recall the Big Five personality traits.
- Synthesize the agencies that affect personality development.
Personality
Etymology:
- The term "personality" is believed to have originated from the Latin word "persona."
- Generally defined as enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior.
- The sum of an individual's psychological traits, characteristics, motives, habits, attitudes, beliefs, and outlooks.
- A summation of both overt and covert behavior.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of personality development through this quiz that covers key theories such as Trait Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. Learn how factors like the Big Five personality traits and social influences shape individual characteristics over time. Perfect for psychology enthusiasts and students alike!
