Psychology Chapter: Perceptions and Attributions

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Questions and Answers

Which factor describes behavior attributed to internal influences?

Peer pressure

Environmental stressors

Personality traits (correct)

Cultural background

What is the main reason for perception errors in judgment?

Lack of individual characteristics

Time constraints and high information costs (correct)

Strong external influences

Avoidance of ambiguous information

What does selective perception allow individuals to do?

Perceive only favorable information (correct)

Adapt to change easily

Evaluate data thoroughly

Consider all viewpoints equally

Which of the following is an example of representativeness bias?

Judging a person based on a single encounter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to prior hypothesis bias?

Strong existing beliefs about relationships Signup and view all the answers

What does confirmatory bias lead individuals to resist?

Information contradicting their existing perception Signup and view all the answers

How quickly can perceptions be formed?

In a tenth of a second Signup and view all the answers

What is the quality of rationality primarily concerned with?

Being based on reason or logic Signup and view all the answers

What does ambiguous information allow for?

Multiple conflicting interpretations Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of universalism assert?

If something is wrong in one context, it is wrong everywhere Signup and view all the answers

How does perfect world rationality differ from real-world rationality?

Perfect world rationality assumes consensus on rationality Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'normality' refer to?

The state of being normal based on societal standards Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective contends that truth varies with individuals and cultures?

Relative Perspective Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'perception' refer to in the content?

The set of processes by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets sensory information Signup and view all the answers

Which field studies the definition of normality?

Psychology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the perception process?

Emotional response Signup and view all the answers

How are schemas developed according to the content?

Based on life experiences and stored in memory Signup and view all the answers

Normality is influenced by which of the following?

Individual beliefs and societal views Signup and view all the answers

What is not a defining feature of rationality?

The capacity to adhere to strict moral codes Signup and view all the answers

What influence do culture and environment have on schemas?

They help develop and shape schemas Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how does perception affect behavior?

It determines how individuals react to situations Signup and view all the answers

Aldous Huxley's quote implies what about perception?

Perception includes both known and unknown elements Signup and view all the answers

What role do schemas play in navigating experiences?

They serve as shortcuts for future encounters with similar situations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the perception process's 'organization' stage?

To create a coherent pattern from selected information Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of bounded rationality?

It acknowledges that different individuals have varying definitions of rationality. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important not to use oneself as the standard for normality?

Because everyone has different backgrounds and experiences. Signup and view all the answers

In the bank teller scenario, what is the primary ethical dilemma presented?

Whether to report the theft or keep it confidential. Signup and view all the answers

What does the case of the newspaper journalist illustrate about bounded rationality?

Economic interests can conflict with ethical reporting. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the difference between being different and being abnormal?

Being different can simply reflect individual choices without implying errors in behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does bounded rationality pose for managers?

Different employees’ views on rationality might complicate decision-making processes. Signup and view all the answers

In law enforcement, what complicates the rookie officer’s learning process?

The training officer’s close relationship with authority complicates mentorship. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of normality is challenged by the concept of bounded rationality?

The belief that there is a universal standard of normal behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Perceptions

Perceptions are how individuals interpret their senses to understand the world.
Perceptions are based on individual experiences, environment, and culture.
Perceptions include selecting information, organizing it, and understanding it.
Perceptions influence how individuals behave and make decisions.

Schemas

A schema is a mental template used to predict and understand situations based on past experiences.

Perception Errors

Perceptions are often formed quickly, which can lead to misjudgments and incorrect interpretations.
Perception errors are influenced by time constraints, prior beliefs, and biases.

Attributions

Attributions explain why people behave in certain ways.
Internal attributions attribute behavior to personality and individual characteristics.
External attributions attribute behavior to environmental factors.
Stereotyping is a form of attribution that categorizes individuals based on singular characteristics.

Ambiguous Information

Ambiguous information can be interpreted in different ways due to lack of clarity.
Ambiguous situations can lead to misunderstandings and conflict.

Causes of Perception Error

Time constraints and limited information lead to decisions made based on available information rather than considering all possibilities.
Prior hypothesis bias occurs when individuals rely on existing beliefs even if conflicting evidence exists.
Representativeness bias generalizes conclusions from limited information.
Selective perception chooses information that confirms personal biases.
Confirmatory bias seeks out information that aligns with existing views and rejects differing perspectives.

Rationality

Rationality is based on reason, logic, and sensible thinking.
Perfect world rationality assumes that people agree on what's rational and see the world in the same way.
Perfect world rationality is a perception that lacks inclusivity and flexibility.

Differences in Rationality

Universalism suggests that what is right in one place is right for everyone.
Relativism highlights the subjective nature of truth, recognizing that truth depends on individual, cultural, and situational factors.
Bounded rationality acknowledges that individual experiences, values, and perceptions influence what is considered 'rational' for different individuals.

Normality and Rationality

Normality is a socially constructed concept that defines behavior based on societal norms and expectations.
'Normal' and 'abnormal' are relative and subjective and should not be used to judge others.
Everyone has a unique understanding of rationality.
Understanding individual differences is crucial for effective communication and decision-making.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of perceptions, schemas, and attributions in psychology. It examines how individual experiences and biases shape our understanding and behaviors, and addresses common perception errors. Test your knowledge of how these psychological principles apply to real-life situations.