Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is perception?
What is perception?
The process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions to give meaning to their environment.
Behavior is based on reality itself, not on our perception of it.
Behavior is based on reality itself, not on our perception of it.
False
Which of the following are factors that influence perception? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are factors that influence perception? (Select all that apply)
What does Attribution Theory help us decide?
What does Attribution Theory help us decide?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
Signup and view all the answers
Define Selective Perception.
Define Selective Perception.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Halo Effect?
What is the Halo Effect?
Signup and view all the answers
Describe the Contrast Effect.
Describe the Contrast Effect.
Signup and view all the answers
What is Stereotyping?
What is Stereotyping?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the determinants of personality?
What are the determinants of personality?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following personality assessment models with their characteristics:
Match the following personality assessment models with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three traits in the Dark Triad?
What are the three traits in the Dark Triad?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines Machiavellianism?
What defines Machiavellianism?
Signup and view all the answers
How does Narcissism manifest in individuals?
How does Narcissism manifest in individuals?
Signup and view all the answers
Define Psychopathy in the context of personality.
Define Psychopathy in the context of personality.
Signup and view all the answers
What is Core Self-Evaluation?
What is Core Self-Evaluation?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Self-Monitoring measure?
What does Self-Monitoring measure?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Perception
- Perception is how individuals interpret sensory information and make sense of their environment.
- Our behaviour is based on our perception of reality, not reality itself.
Factors that Influence Perception
- Factors that influence perception include:
- Experiences
- Attitudes
- Values
- Motives
- Interests
- Expectations
Perceptual Errors
- Perceptual errors are systematic biases in our perceptions.
- Common perceptual errors include:
- Attribution theory
- Selective perception
- Halo effect
- Contrast effects
- Stereotyping
Attribution Theory
- Attribution theory examines how we explain the causes of behaviors.
- When explaining behaviors, we attempt to determine if they stem from:
- Internal factors: personality traits, attitudes, or abilities
- External factors: situational constraints or factors beyond the individual's control
-
Factors that influence attribution: Distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency.
- Distinctiveness: How unique a person's behavior is across different situations.
- Consensus: Whether others behave similarly in the same situation.
- Consistency: Whether the person behaves the same way over time.
Fundamental Attribution Error
- The fundamental attribution error is our tendency to overemphasize internal factors when explaining others' behavior, and underemphasize external factors.
- We are more likely to attribute the actions of others to their personality, even when situational influences are present.
Perceptual Errors: Selective Perception
- Selective perception is the tendency to focus on information that aligns with our interests and existing beliefs.
- We tend to interpret information in a way that confirms our existing views, even if evidence suggests otherwise.
Perceptual Errors: Halo Effect
- The halo effect involves forming a general impression of someone based on a single characteristic.
- This can lead to biased judgments, as we often overlook other attributes.
Perceptual Errors: Contrast Effect
- The contrast effect is the tendency for our reactions to one person to be influenced by preceding encounters with others.
- This can lead to exaggerated judgments, as we compare individuals to those we recently encountered.
Perceptual Errors: Stereotyping
- Stereotyping involves judging someone based on our perception of the group they belong to.
- This results in generalizations about entire groups of people, overlooking individual differences.
Importance of Perception and Judgement
- Perception and judgement play a critical role in various work contexts:
- Employment interviews: Interviewers' perceptions can influence hiring decisions.
- Performance expectations: Managers' perceptions of employees' abilities influence performance expectations.
- Performance evaluation: Performance evaluations are often based on managers' perceptions of employee performance.
- Challenging developmental experiences: Perception shapes how individuals respond to and interpret challenging experiences.
- Self-fulfilling prophecy: Our perceptions of others can influence their behavior.
Personality
- Personality is the unique and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that shape an individual's interactions with the world.
- Personality is determined by:
- Heredity: Genetic predispositions
- Environmental Factors: Cultural influences, family dynamics, and societal norms
- Situational Conditions: Different contexts elicit different behaviors.
Personality Traits
- Personality traits are enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior.
- Personality tests can be used to assess individual traits.
- Some common personality tests include:
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Classifies individuals based on four dimensions: Extraversion/Introversion, Sensing/Intuitive, Thinking/Feeling, Perceiving/Judging.
- The Big Five Personality Model: Measures five broad personality dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness to Experience.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
- MBTI categorizes individuals into 16 personality types based on four dimensions:
- Extraversion (E) vs. Introversion (I): How an individual focuses their energy (outward or inward).
- Sensing (S) vs. Intuitive (N): How an individual gathers information (concrete facts or abstract patterns).
- Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F): How an individual makes decisions (using logic or emotions).
- Perceiving (P) vs. Judging (J): How an individual approaches the world (spontaneously or structured).
The Big Five Personality Model
- The Big Five Personality Model identifies five broad personality traits that predict behavior and job performance:
- Extraversion: The tendency to be outgoing, assertive, and sociable.
- Agreeableness: The tendency to be cooperative, trusting, and compassionate.
- Conscientiousness: The tendency to be responsible, organized, and dependable.
- Emotional Stability: The tendency to be calm, secure, and emotionally resilient.
- Openness to Experience: The tenancy to be curious, imaginative, and open to new experiences.
The Dark Triad
- The Dark Triad refers to a trio of negative personality traits:
- Machiavellianism: Pragmatism, emotional distance, and the belief that ends justify means.
- Narcissism: Arrogance, a grandiose sense of self-importance, and a need for excessive admiration.
- Psychopathy: Lack of concern for others, and a lack of guilt or remorse.
Machiavellianism
- High Machiavellian individuals are more manipulative, persuasive, and likely to win in negotiation.
- They tend to value success and are less likely to be influenced by others.
Narcissism
- Narcissists often view themselves as superior to others.
- While believing they are excellent leaders, their performance is often rated lower by their supervisors.
Psychopathy
- Psychopathy is characterized by callousness, impulsive behavior, and a disregard for social conventions.
- Individuals high in psychopathy tend to engage in manipulative behavior, including threats and bullying.
Other Personality Attributes that Influence Behavior
- Core Self-Evaluation: Individuals with positive core self-evaluations are confident in their abilities and tend to perform better, setting more ambitious goals and persevering more persistently.
- Self-Monitoring: High self-monitors are adept at adapting their behavior to situational demands. They pay close attention to social cues and modify their behavior accordingly.
- Proactive Personality: Proactive individuals take initiative, strive to change their environment, and are more likely to take action to improve their situation.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the concepts of perception and attribution theory. Explore how various factors influence our perceptions and the common errors that can arise. This quiz will help you understand the complex ways we interpret sensory information and behavior.
