Psychology Chapter on Attribution Theory

<p>Neglect of actual statistical probabilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can simplify complex information into relatable concepts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their actions over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavior can be inconsistent over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Considering only their recent behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Judging based on someone’s clothing style (A), Assuming actions are always reflective of true character (B), Thinking that social media presence defines a person’s character (C), Believing all people act the same way at all times (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thorough analysis of repeated behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illusory correlations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random chance events are misattributed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interpret random events and personal observations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to overgeneralization based on stereotypes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erroneous conclusions and actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of individuals who have a specific trait in a population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They focus too heavily on recent experiences. (A), They prioritize anecdotal evidence over empirical data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish how likely an event is to occur in a given population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is usually ignored in favor of subjective impressions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may result in biased or skewed conclusions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As top-down tools for interpreting information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schemas allow for interpretation using preconceived ideas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schemas enable quick interpretations of information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They shape how new information is interpreted and understood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schemas organize information while bottom-up processing seeks to understand new data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People often overestimate the influence of personality over situational factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining the appropriate attribution for someone's success or failure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Believing a successful business owner achieved success solely due to hard work. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may be biased towards focusing on observable behavior over context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A strong personal belief in meritocracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Five core domains underlying moral intuitions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Justice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They shape the understanding of moral domains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural dimensions dictate moral intuition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is easily located and recalled from memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recent and frequent activation increases the likelihood of application. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The recency and frequency of schema activation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A student remembering a specific detail from a recently covered lesson. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activated schemas enhance the accessibility of related concepts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic framing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using euphemisms to soften the implications of their arguments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Election integrity versus voter suppression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can polarize opinions and deepen divides among groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help maintain social hierarchies and traditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respect and embarrassment can influence adherence to social hierarchies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implies a softer approach to a serious issue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respect for authority can lead to compliance with established norms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weakened adherence to traditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bystanders clearly seeing one another's initial expressions of concern (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respect and embarrassment can enforce adherence to social norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When they can clarify each other's intentions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceptions of group behavior overriding individual instincts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It confirms a shared sense of urgency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They assume others will take action instead (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can discourage individuals from helping. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion of responsibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A higher sense of anonymity and diffusion of responsibility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shifts the burden of action onto others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making eye contact with a person in need. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beliefs about specific attributes of certain groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A judgment based solely on group membership (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Favorable or unfavorable actions towards individuals based on group membership (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is always predicated on personal interaction with the group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lead to automatic judgments without awareness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that competition for resources can lead to group discrimination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beliefs and emotions are hard to legislate against (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working towards superordinate goals can diminish hostility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive bias towards members of one's own group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can only be achieved through intergroup collaboration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mental shortcuts people use for processing information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The propensity for individuals to favor their ingroup despite the basis for grouping being minimal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves glorifying one's own group while vilifying others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase, especially among groups fearing economic loss. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The role of competing interests among groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It creates boundaries that can provoke discrimination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Boosting group status and self-esteem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using group identity to enhance self-esteem during successful events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When they are uncertain about their own identity or values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They react defensively as if it were a personal attack (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in self-esteem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evaluating ingroup favoritism in isolated contexts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants would prioritize ingroup members even at a loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A player rooting for their team after winning a game (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may be accompanied by unacknowledged negative feelings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subtle biases require cognitive resources to interpret interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination that is hidden behind egalitarian excuses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can disarm targets by presenting positive stereotypes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicit egalitarian beliefs are often disassociated from implicit attitudes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to strong biases against outgroup members. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deciphering the intentions behind subtle biases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They recognize the coexistence of old-fashioned and modern forms of prejudice. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stereotypes reinforce expectations by making consistent actions more memorable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the beliefs about a group lead to behaviors that confirm those beliefs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It walls them off into a separate category of 'exceptions'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abstract descriptions often generalize individuals, concealing specific attributes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional investments in stereotypes often prevent their re-evaluation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It often strengthens beliefs associated with the stereotype. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They focus more on unique attributes rather than shared traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generally leads to a less favorable view compared to familiar groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indirect challenges affecting marginalized groups due to societal structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convicts with stereotypically African features face harsher sentences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difficulty in categorizing intersectional identities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A voting body with no individuals from marginalized groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language can reinforce the presence or absence of certain identities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychological implications for marginalized individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stereotypically African features lead to harsher sentences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of acknowledgment and absence in broader culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational influences when explaining someone's behavior.

The problem of deciding how much credit or blame to assign to someone's success or failure.

External factors that affect a person's behaviour.

Internal characteristics that describe a person.

Regular assessments of success and failure.

Evaluating people's actions requires considering their behavior over an extended period, not just a quick glance.

A person's actions are more significant in evaluating them than their outward appearance.

Understanding a person's character involves assessing their actions consistently over a period, not just based on outward appearance.

Assessing people based on their actions over significant time durations.

A person's actions tell us more about them than their looks.

Mental frameworks for interpreting information.

Using prior knowledge and existing schemas to interpret new information.

Processing information from the outside world to build understanding.

Schemas are essential tools for understanding the world.

Schemas use prior experience to interpret, while bottom-up uses sensory information.

The feeling of ease or difficulty when processing information.

Information that is difficult to process, such as unclear text or complex instructions.

People tend to make judgments about information based on how easy or difficult it is to process.

A mental shortcut where people classify something based on how similar it is to a prototype.

Thoughtful consideration and evaluation of information.

The overall frequency of an event in a population. It's like the average occurrence rate.

It refers to the general frequency or likelihood of a certain event or characteristic in the population.

Ignoring the overall frequency of something when making a decision. It can lead to biased judgments.

It helps us make accurate judgments by providing a context for individual cases. Ignoring it can lead to biased decisions.

Imagine you're trying to decide if someone is a doctor. Knowing the proportion of doctors in the population (base-rate) would help you make a more informed judgment.

A mental shortcut where we judge the likelihood of something based on how easily examples come to mind. If we can easily recall instances, we're more likely to overestimate its frequency or importance.

The perception of a relationship between two things when there's actually none, or a weaker relationship than we perceive. Our brains can create connections that don't exist.

Illusory correlations arise when the availability and representativeness heuristics work together. We easily recall instances that confirm our biases, and those instances fit our preconceived notions, leading to a false sense of connection.

Imagine you hear about several car accidents involving red cars. You might believe red cars are more prone to accidents than other colors, even though data suggests otherwise. The easily recalled instances and the stereotype of 'red = dangerous' create a false correlation.

The way information is presented—using different words or emphasizing certain aspects—can significantly influence how people perceive it and make decisions.

Words with strong emotional connotations or biases that sway people's opinions without presenting factual information.

The language used to describe events can shape how people understand them, leading to different interpretations and judgments.

Describing a policy as "tax relief" is more appealing than calling it a "tax cut" because it implies benefits rather than a loss.

The deliberate use of language to manipulate public perception of events or policies, often by emphasizing certain aspects and downplaying others.

A theory that identifies five core domains underlying our moral intuitions, influenced by social, economic, and religious factors.

One of the five core domains of moral foundations, focused on protecting and caring for others.

A core domain that emphasizes justice, equality, and reciprocity in social exchanges.

A foundation centered on group loyalty, patriotism, and prioritizing the interests of one's group.

A moral domain that emphasizes respect for hierarchy, order, and established traditions.

A concept or idea that is easily noticed or remembered due to its importance or novelty. It stands out in memory.

The process of making a schema, or mental framework, more accessible in your mind. This happens when a schema is used recently or frequently.

Activated schemas are more likely to be applied to new information. Our brains often use existing frameworks to understand new things.

Both recent use and frequent use of a schema increase its activation, making it more likely to be used.

Schemas are crucial for understanding the world. They help us organize information, make predictions, and interpret events.

The structured ranking of individuals or groups within a society based on factors like power, wealth, or prestige.

Following social rules and showing respect for those in positions of authority.

Respect and embarrassment play a crucial role in maintaining societal order.

A positive emotion that shows admiration for individuals or institutions.

A negative social emotion that motivates people to conform to social norms.

A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present, as they feel less personal responsibility.

The number of people living in a particular area. Higher density means more people living close together.

The phenomenon where people are less likely to help in emergencies in urban settings (with higher population density) because they feel less personal responsibility.

People may be less likely to help in a city because of the diffusion of responsibility. High population density makes it harder for individuals to feel a sense of personal responsibility for helping in an emergency.

Higher urban density can lead to reduced helping behavior because it makes individuals feel less responsible for assisting in emergencies. The presence of many others around diffuses the sense of personal responsibility.

The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help someone in need when there are other bystanders present.

A situation where people privately disagree with a group's prevailing opinion but publicly conform to the majority view. Each individual assumes that others agree with the majority view, thus misinterpreting the situation.

When bystanders can clearly see each other's initial expressions of concern, it reduces the likelihood of pluralistic ignorance and increases the chances of someone taking action to help a person in need.

Bystanders seeing each other's concern breaks the illusion that everyone else is okay with the situation, making it more likely that someone will take action.

The Bystander Effect and Pluralistic Ignorance are related phenomena. The presence of other bystanders can lead to a diffusion of responsibility and the adoption of pluralistic ignorance, making it less likely for anyone to intervene.

A subtle form of prejudice where people may hold egalitarian values but still harbour negative feelings and attitudes towards certain groups, often due to ingroup favoritism and a desire to maintain the status quo.

A type of prejudice where discriminatory actions are masked behind seemingly non-prejudiced behavior, often occurring in group settings.

A form of prejudice that appears positive but actually reinforces harmful stereotypes. It involves seeming positive beliefs about a group but with underlying negative assumptions about their capabilities.

The mental effort required to manage conflicting beliefs and attitudes, often felt by members of stigmatized groups when interacting with majority group members.

Forms of prejudice that are not overtly expressed, but are subtle and ambiguous, requiring the targets to interpret the meaning and intentions of the behavior.

Prejudice based on a person's name, often due to unconscious biases associated with certain names.

The evolution of prejudice research from focusing solely on overt forms of prejudice to acknowledging subtler and more complex forms of bias.

Overt and explicit forms of prejudice that are often considered unacceptable in contemporary society.

Making assumptions about entire groups of people based on their membership, often ignoring individual differences.

A negative or positive attitude towards a group and its members, often based on stereotypes.

Unfair treatment of individuals based solely on their group membership, often stemming from prejudice.

Tendency to prefer and favor members of one's own group over members of other groups.

The conflict between people's stated beliefs about equality and their actual attitudes or actions toward certain groups.

The idea that competition for resources can lead to groups discriminating and developing prejudices against each other.

The belief that one's own group is superior and other groups are inferior.

Goals that can only be achieved by groups working together.

A technique showing that even arbitrary group distinctions can lead to in-group bias and discrimination.

This perspective focuses on how psychological needs, like the desire for security or social identity, contribute to prejudice and discrimination.

This perspective traces the origins of stereotyping to basic cognitive processes, like categorization.

The bonds and sense of unity within a group.

A learning strategy where students work together in diverse groups to teach each other specific parts of a lesson.

A research method that creates groups based on arbitrary distinctions (e.g., preference for a painting) to study in-group favoritism without real-world social factors.

The difference in points between one's own group and another group, even if the total points are lower.

Our self-esteem comes from our individual identity AND the groups we belong to.

Boosting your self-esteem by associating with a successful group.

Putting down other groups to increase your own group's status.

When unsure of ourselves, we strongly identify with groups to gain self-esteem.

We tend to associate unfamiliar groups with their rare traits, often overlooking shared characteristics. This is because our brains prioritize noticing the unusual.

Stereotypes perpetuate themselves. Behaviors that match our pre-existing beliefs are noticed and remembered, while contradicting behaviors are ignored or forgotten.

Our expectations can influence the behavior of others. Treating people in a way that confirms our stereotypes can create the very behavior we predicted.

People who contradict stereotypes are often dismissed as exceptions, allowing us to maintain our beliefs without actually changing them.

Abstract descriptions (like 'she is lazy') reveal more about our perception of a person than concrete descriptions (like 'she was late').

Information supporting a stereotype is more impactful than contradicting information.

Unfair advantages or disadvantages built into the systems and structures of society, often based on race, gender, or other social categories, leading to unequal opportunities.

The challenge of classifying books about intersectional identities, such as Black women's history, into existing categories that may not fully capture their complex nature.

Language that centers on masculine perspectives and experiences, often neglecting or marginalizing feminine perspectives.

Groups that are absent or lack visibility in significant areas of society, such as media or decision-making bodies.

The historical idea, rooted in racism, that a single ancestor of African descent classifies an individual as Black, regardless of other ancestry.

Physical features that are often associated with stereotypes, which can lead to discriminatory treatment based on appearance.

Language shapes our perception and representation of things and people. Terms used can make some things more prominent in our minds while others become absent.

The understanding that people have multiple intersecting identities (e.g., race, gender, class) that interact to shape their experiences and opportunities.