Psychology Chapter on Stress and Coping
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes an avoidance-avoidance conflict?

  • Choosing between two desirable alternatives.
  • Choosing between two alternatives, both leading to negative results. (correct)
  • Making a decision that has both positive and negative outcomes.
  • Deciding between alternatives with equal benefits.

    • Which type of conflict is least stressful to resolve?

  • Avoidance-avoidance conflict
  • Approach-avoidance conflict
  • Approach-approach conflict (correct)
  • None of the above

    • What physiological change occurs during the activation of the sympathetic nervous system due to stress?

  • Reduced hormone levels
  • Increased blood pressure (correct)
  • Decreased heart rate
  • Slowed metabolism

    • What describes the HPA axis in relation to stress response?

    <p>It is slower to respond than the sympathetic system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the nature of stress resulting from conflict?

    <p>The difficulty of conflict resolution directly impacts the level of stress experienced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of problem-focused coping strategies?

    <p>Resolving the cause of problems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of emotion-focused coping?

    <p>Talking to friends about feelings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an internal locus of control?

    <p>Believing that personal actions influence life events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resource is NOT typically associated with healthy living?

    <p>Avoidance of problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can seeking information be classified based on Lazarus and Folkman's theory?

    <p>Problem-focused strategy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stress defined as?

    <p>A nonspecific response of the body to any demand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines eustress?

    <p>Stress that motivates an individual positively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stressor is defined as ongoing and long-lasting?

    <p>Chronic stressors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measure?

    <p>Stress related to life changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common emotional sign of ongoing stress?

    <p>Mental fatigue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a hassle?

    <p>Traffic jams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is burnout primarily attributed to?

    <p>Persistent hassles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can potentially increase frustration in daily life?

    <p>Constantly changing technology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is NOT commonly used to help people quit smoking?

    <p>Social reinforcement removal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pain is classified as chronic?

    <p>Pain that persists for over 6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coping strategy focuses on changing one's perception of a stressful situation?

    <p>Emotion-focused coping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of problem-focused coping?

    <p>To identify and manage the stressor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT part of managing chronic pain?

    <p>Avoidance of physical activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes emotion-focused coping?

    <p>It changes perceptions to improve emotional experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used to assist people in coping with nicotine withdrawal?

    <p>Operant conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of social reinforcers in binge drinking prevention programs?

    <p>To mitigate cues for binge drinking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a hardiness personality?

    <p>Viewing change as a threat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is primarily associated with which of the following?

    <p>Severe anxiety following a traumatic event (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What recent research suggests about the relationship between gastric ulcers and stress?

    <p>Stress creates an environment that makes the stomach more vulnerable to bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors is considered a major health risk?

    <p>Smoking tobacco (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of chronic pain is highlighted in the context of health psychology?

    <p>Chronic pain lasts for more than six months. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is NOT typically included in smoking prevention programs?

    <p>Making smoking socially acceptable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Health psychology studies the interplay between biological, psychological, and what other factor?

    <p>Social factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is hardiness viewed in terms of personality traits?

    <p>A learned behavior that can be cultivated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important factor in the relationship between Type A personalities and heart disease?

    <p>Cynical hostility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a contributing risk factor for cardiovascular disease according to the text?

    <p>Regular exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Type A and Type B personalities?

    <p>Type A individuals are more prone to stress and hostility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to modifying Type A behavior focuses on changing all aspects of the personality?

    <p>Shotgun approach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target behavior approach to modifying Type A behavior focused on?

    <p>Changing cynical hostility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality type is described as laid-back, calm, and relaxed?

    <p>Type B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential benefit of the Shotgun approach to modifying Type A behavior?

    <p>It can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept discussed regarding stress and illness in the text?

    <p>The link between personality traits and cardiovascular health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Stress

    A nonspecific body response to demands perceived as threatening or challenging.

    Stressor

    A trigger that prompts stressful reactions in individuals.

    Eustress

    Pleasant or desirable stress that can be beneficial.

    Distress

    Unpleasant, objectionable stress that is non-beneficial.

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    Signs of Stress

    Indicators of ongoing stress including emotional, behavioral, and physical signs.

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    Chronic Stressors

    Ongoing, long-term unpleasant events that create persistent stress.

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    Hassles

    Small, everyday problems that can accumulate and cause stress.

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    Frustration

    A negative emotional state resulting from blocked goals or obstacles.

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    Conflict

    Choosing between incompatible goals or impulses.

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    Approach-approach conflict

    Choosing between two favorable alternatives.

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    Avoidance-avoidance conflict

    Choosing between two undesirable alternatives.

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    Approach-avoidance conflict

    Choosing an option with both positive and negative outcomes.

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    Fight or flight response

    Body's reaction to stress that prepares for defense or escape.

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    Contributing risk factors

    Factors like hormones, smoking, and obesity that increase the risk for disease.

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    Cardiovascular disease prevention

    Reducing stress and exercising can lower fatty deposits and disease risk.

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    Type A personality traits

    Characteristics include competitiveness, impatience, and hostility, leading to higher heart disease risk.

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    Cynical hostility

    A key factor in Type A personalities linked to heart disease; involves suspicion and argumentativeness.

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    Type B personality traits

    Laid-back and calm traits, making them less likely to experience heart attacks.

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    Shotgun approach

    Changing all behaviors related to Type A personality, affecting both positive and negative traits.

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    Target behavior approach

    Focuses on specific behaviors causing heart disease, particularly cynical hostility.

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    Psychological hardy personality

    Individuals with resilience against stress, often coping well in challenging situations.

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    Problem-Focused Coping

    Strategy to resolve the cause of problems directly.

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    Emotion-Focused Coping

    Strategy aimed at managing emotional impacts of problems.

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    Internal Locus of Control

    Belief that individuals control their own fate and destiny.

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    External Locus of Control

    Belief that outside forces or chance determine fate.

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    Resources for Healthy Living

    Key factors include health, support, control, and positive beliefs.

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    Cognitive Behavioral Techniques

    Methods used to help smokers manage nicotine withdrawal and cope with triggers.

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    Binge Drinking Prevention

    Programs aimed at reducing social reinforcers that promote excessive drinking.

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    Chronic Pain

    Pain that persists for over six months, affecting quality of life.

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    Behavior Modification

    Teaching patients new behaviors to cope with chronic pain effectively.

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    Confrontive Coping

    A strategy of facing problems directly to resolve them.

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    Combining Coping Strategies

    Using both emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies together for effective coping.

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    Hardiness

    A resilient personality characterized by commitment, control, and viewing change as a challenge.

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    Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    An anxiety disorder triggered by a life-threatening event, causing flashbacks and impaired functioning.

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    Gastric Ulcers

    Sores in the stomach lining, exacerbated by stress and influenced by H. pylori bacteria.

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    Health Psychology

    The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors influence health and illness.

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    Smoking Prevention

    Programs aimed at reducing smoking through education and social influence.

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    Alcohol and Binge Drinking

    A significant health risk associated with excessive alcohol consumption.

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    Stress and Bacteria Interaction

    Stress facilitates a stomach environment vulnerable to bacteria like H. pylori, leading to ulcers.

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    Study Notes

    Stress & Health Psychology

    • This presentation is about stress and its relationship to health, using the framework of health psychology.
    • Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to define and explain stress and stressors, discuss the relationship between stress and illness, define health psychology, and discuss management of health and stress.

    Understanding Stress

    • Stress is a nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it. It's also the arousal to situations or events perceived as threatening or challenging.
    • Stressor: a trigger that prompts stressful reactions.
    • Eustress: pleasant, desirable stress (e.g., exercise).
    • Distress: unpleasant, objectionable, non-beneficial stress (e.g., unclear example given).

    Signs and Symptoms of Ongoing Stress

    • Emotional signs: anxiety, apathy, irritability, mental fatigue
    • Behavioral signs: avoidance of responsibilities and relationships; extreme or self-destructive behavior; self-neglect; poor judgment
    • Physical signs: excessive worry about illness, frequent illness, overuse of medicines

    Sources of Stress

    • Life Changes: life events requiring adjustment in behavior or lifestyle. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measures stress from major life changes.
    • Chronic Stressors: ongoing, long unpleasant events (e.g., bad marriage, poor work conditions).
    • Hassles: small, everyday problems that accumulate (e.g., traffic jams, finding parking, scheduling conflicts). Burnout is a result of persistent hassles, often in occupations. This is a physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion.
    • Frustration: unpleasant tension, negative emotional state from a blocked goal. More motivation often leads to more frustration. Everyday technology changes increase hassles and frustrations.
    • Conflict: choosing between two or more incompatible goals or impulses. The amount of stress depends on the conflict's complexity and the difficulty of resolving it. Three types of conflict exist: approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance. Approach-approach conflict is easiest to resolve and produces less stress. Avoidance-avoidance is most difficult and leads to unpleasant results. Approach-avoidance is moderately difficult to resolve and less stressful than avoidance-avoidance

    Effects of Stress: A Dual System

    • The sympathetic nervous system is activated during stress, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and hormone levels. This is beneficial for the fight-or-flight response, but prolonged activation can negatively impact health.
    • The HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) reacts more slowly to stress. Elevated cortisol is linked to depression, memory problems and an impaired immune system. Prolonged stress can suppress the immune system leading to many illnesses.
    • Psychoneuroimmunology studies the effects of psychological factors and how they impact the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems.

    The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

    • Hans Selye described a generalized physiological reaction to stressors as the GAS.
    • The GAS has three phases: the alarm reaction, the resistance phase, and the exhaustion phase. Prolonged chronic stress depletes adaptation energy, leading to exhaustion. This can increase susceptibility to diseases and potentially death.

    Stress & Illness

    • Cancer: is caused by hereditary disposition and environmental factors. Environmental factors influence cells replication which is often impacted by the immune system. Stress can impair the body's ability to check for cancerous cell changes.
    • Cardiovascular Disorders: heart disease, affecting heart muscle and leading to heart failure. Major causes of heart disease are blockage of coronary arteries. Risk factors for heart disease are stress hormones, smoking, Type A personality traits, obesity, high-fat diet, and lack of exercise.
    • Personality Types:
    • Type A: competitive, ambitious, impatient, hostile; high risk of heart disease caused from this hostile behavior/attitude.
    • Type B: laid-back, calm, relaxed; unlikely to have a heart attack.
    • Modification of Type A behaviors: Two approaches exist: Shotgun approach (change all related behaviors) and Target behavior approach (focus on specific behaviors linked to heart disease such as cynical hostility).
    • Psychological hardy personality types: more resistant to stress.
    • Resilience (hardiness): a learned personality trait that leads to superior stress resistance. It includes commitment to personal goals, control over life, and perceiving change as a challenge.
    • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): result of severe, life-threatening events; characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, and impaired functioning.
    • Gastric Ulcers: can be caused by bacteria and/or stress. Research suggests that stress can create a compromising environment in the stomach and lead to vulnerability of the stomach lining.

    Health Psychology

    • Health psychology studies biological, psychological, and social factors that affect health and illness. Major health risks include smoking tobacco, alcohol and binge drinking, and chronic pain.
    • Smoking prevention programs educate about the short and long-term consequences to help the public make informed choices.
    • Chronic pain is treated with behavioral modification, biofeedback, and relaxation.

    Health and Stress Management

    • Two coping approaches: emotion-focused and problem-focused.
    • Emotion-focused coping involves changing how one views stressful situations and uses strategies such as reappraising, and defense mechanisms.
    • Problem-focused coping addresses the stressor itself, by using problem-solving, and generating solutions to eliminate the problem entirely. Combining both strategies is also beneficial.

    Is Stress in the Eye of the Beholder?

    • Stress is influenced by how a person interprets a situation. Some people view situations as threatening while others may perceive these same situations as manageable.

    Theories of Coping

    • Lazarus & Folkman (1984) identified two coping strategies: problem-focused and emotion-focused.

    Resources for Healthy Living

    • These include health and exercise, positive beliefs, social skills, support networks, material resources, personal control (internal locus of control), and relaxation techniques.

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    Stress & Health Psychology PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the psychological concepts of stress, the various types of conflicts, coping strategies, and the physiological effects of stress. This quiz includes questions about the HPA axis, internal locus of control, and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). Dive into understanding how we respond to stress and the coping mechanisms we employ.

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