Psychology Chapter on Sleep and Drugs

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of sleep according to the content?

To maintain muscle tone

To restore energy depleted during the day (correct)

To regulate body temperature

To process sensory information

Which brain waves are associated with REM sleep?

Theta waves

Beta waves (correct)

Delta waves

Alpha waves

What role does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) play in circadian rhythms?

It sends signals to the pineal gland (correct)

It synchronizes sleep stages

It regulates heart rate

It produces melatonin

What is a common effect of ignoring circadian rhythms?

Chronic jet lag Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep is characterized by higher-frequency brain waves and sleep spindles?

Stage 2 Signup and view all the answers

What are Zeitgebers in the context of circadian rhythms?

External cues that synchronize internal clocks Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the 'sleep debt' that must be repaid due to insufficient sleep?

Sleep restriction Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of delta waves?

Characteristic of deep sleep Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs is associated with tolerance and dependence?

Psychoactive drugs Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates slow wave sleep (SWS) from other stages?

It has higher amplitude and slower frequency brain waves Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the long-term benefits of mediation practices?

Enhanced cardiovascular health Signup and view all the answers

Which psychoactive drug is primarily used for its pain-relieving properties?

Heroin Signup and view all the answers

What type of drugs are characterized by distortions in sensory and perceptual experiences?

Hallucinogens Signup and view all the answers

Alcohol can be classified as which type of psychoactive drug?

Sedative Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug?

Tolerance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is classified under stimulants?

Caffeine Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of mediation on mental health?

Decreased stress hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding cannabis?

Contains THC and has low-moderate mental dependence Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes slow wave sleep (SWS)?

Prominence of delta waves in EEG recordings Signup and view all the answers

Which age group typically experiences the least amount of sleep?

Ages 35-40 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of insomnia?

Difficulty falling asleep Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is considered a poor long-term solution for insomnia?

Benzodiazepine sedatives Signup and view all the answers

Sleep apnea is characterized by what specific event during sleep?

Reflexive gasping for air Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of night terrors?

Inability to remember the dream Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's wish fulfillment theory, dreams primarily serve what purpose?

To fulfill ungratified needs from waking hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause associated with narcolepsy?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following themes is most commonly reported in dreams?

Being chased or pursued Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of REM sleep?

Presence of rapid eye movements Signup and view all the answers

Which hypnotic phenomenon allows individuals to withstand pain during treatments?

Anesthesia Signup and view all the answers

What does disinhibition in hypnosis entail?

Reducing inhibitions to act contrary to one's usual behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that hypnosis results from everyday cognitive processes and expectations rather than a unique trance state?

Social-cognitive theory Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key characteristics of the dissociation theory in hypnosis?

Two separate streams of awareness Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon might cause a person to hear or see things that are not actually present during hypnosis?

Sensory distortions and hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about posthypnotic suggestions are true?

They may lead to memory distortion or amnesia. Signup and view all the answers

Highway hypnosis is best described as a phenomenon where an individual:

Consciously splits attention between driving and daydreaming. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT be a typical outcome of hypnosis according to its hypnotic phenomena?

Accurate recall of all memories Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Variations in Consciousness - Key Concepts and Terms

Consciousness is awareness of internal and external stimuli; a subjective experience with varying levels of awareness.
William James coined the term "stream of consciousness."
Electroencephalograph (EEG) measures electrical brain activity (brain waves) via electrodes on the scalp.
Brain waves vary in amplitude and frequency (e.g., beta waves for awake/alert, delta waves for deep sleep).
Circadian rhythms are daily cyclical variations in biological processes, governed by a 24-hour internal clock.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus regulates the sleep-wake cycle and melatonin secretion by the pineal gland, in response to light.
Ignoring circadian rhythms affects sleep quality and can cause jet lag. Adjusting to time zone changes is easier with westward travel.
Sleep deprivation/restriction impairs attention, reaction time, cognition, motor skills, and decision-making.

Stages of the Sleep-Wake Cycle

Sleep stages, from stages 1 to 4, represent decreasing alertness, and increasing slow wave sleep.
Stage 1 is a brief transitional stage with decreasing physiological activity.
Stage 2 involves brief bursts of higher-frequency brain waves.
Stages 3 and 4 are slow-wave sleep, characterized by high-amplitude, low-frequency delta waves.
REM sleep (stage 5) is characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreaming, high-frequency/low amplitude brain waves. It's important for memory consolidation and emotional processing.
Sleep stages 1-4 are often referred to as non-REM sleep.

Sleep Disorders

Insomnia is chronic difficulty sleeping, affecting nearly one-third of adults. Symptoms include difficulty falling/staying asleep, early-morning awakenings.
Narcolepsy involves sudden, irresistible sleep attacks during normal waking periods.
Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops and restarts repeatedly during sleep.
Nightmares and night terrors are anxiety-inducing dreams. Night terrors usually involve abrupt awakenings from non-REM sleep.
Somnambulism (sleepwalking) happens during stages 1-2.
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) occurs during REM sleep, with the person acting out their dreams.

Theories of Hypnosis

Social-cognitive theory: Hypnosis is a result of normal factors like expectation and suggestion.
Altered-state theory: Hypnosis is a unique state of consciousness different from normal wakefulness and sleep.

Effects of sleep restriction/deprivation

Sleep restriction/deprivation impairs attention, reaction time, cognition speed, accuracy, motor coordination, and decision-making.
Causes an increase in transportation accidents and mishaps in the workplace.
Increases health care costs, costing the economy billions of dollars.

Dream Theories

Freud's wish fulfillment theory: Dreams fulfill ungratified needs.
Problem-solving, activation-synthesis, and other dream theories exist.

Types of Psychoactive Drugs

Narcotics (e.g., heroin, morphine) alleviate pain, but have high physical and psychological dependence potential.
Sedatives (e.g., benzodiazepines) reduce CNS activation, common side effects include drowsiness and sluggishness, and are highly addictive.
Stimulants (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine) increase CNS activation and behavioral activity, with various dependence risks.
Hallucinogens (e.g., LSD) cause distortions in sensory perception.

Tolerance and Dependence

Tolerance is a decreased responsiveness to a drug over time, requiring larger doses for the same effect.
Dependence is a state where the person needs the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms or satisfy intense cravings, a serious issue.

Alcohol and Other Drugs

Alcohol is the most commonly used recreational drug, with moderate dependence.
MDMA (ecstasy) is a compound drug related to amphetamines and hallucinogens, and was at its height of popularity in the 1990s.
Cannabis (marijuana) contains THC and has low to moderate dependence potential

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Description

Explore fundamental aspects of sleep, including its functions, various stages, and the impact of circadian rhythms. This quiz also delves into the relationship between psychoactive drugs and their effects on the brain. Test your understanding of critical concepts and terminologies related to sleep and drugs in psychology.