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Questions and Answers
What is waking consciousness characterized by?
What is waking consciousness characterized by?
What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus influence?
What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus influence?
Which term describes brief episodes of sleep lasting only a few seconds?
Which term describes brief episodes of sleep lasting only a few seconds?
What does the adaptive theory of sleep suggest?
What does the adaptive theory of sleep suggest?
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What hormone does the pineal gland secrete to induce sleepiness?
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete to induce sleepiness?
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What is a common effect of sleep deprivation?
What is a common effect of sleep deprivation?
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How is altered state of consciousness defined?
How is altered state of consciousness defined?
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What cycle describes bodily rhythms that occur over a 24-hour period?
What cycle describes bodily rhythms that occur over a 24-hour period?
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What is the restorative theory of sleep primarily focused on?
What is the restorative theory of sleep primarily focused on?
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What type of brain waves are associated with light sleep and relaxation?
What type of brain waves are associated with light sleep and relaxation?
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What is the primary characteristic of REM sleep?
What is the primary characteristic of REM sleep?
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Which stage of sleep is typically associated with hypnagogic images?
Which stage of sleep is typically associated with hypnagogic images?
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What happens to both REM and NREM sleep in the first decade of life?
What happens to both REM and NREM sleep in the first decade of life?
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Which brain wave pattern is predominant during the deepest stages of sleep?
Which brain wave pattern is predominant during the deepest stages of sleep?
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How does the amount of REM sleep in infants compare to that in healthy adults?
How does the amount of REM sleep in infants compare to that in healthy adults?
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What defines non-REM sleep?
What defines non-REM sleep?
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What major change has been made to the classification of NREM sleep stages according to recent guidelines?
What major change has been made to the classification of NREM sleep stages according to recent guidelines?
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What is a characteristic of REM sleep?
What is a characteristic of REM sleep?
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What is REM rebound?
What is REM rebound?
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What distinguishes nightmares from night terrors?
What distinguishes nightmares from night terrors?
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Which sleep disorder is characterized by a person thrashing around during sleep?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by a person thrashing around during sleep?
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During which stage do sleepwalking episodes typically occur?
During which stage do sleepwalking episodes typically occur?
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How do individuals typically feel upon awakening from a night terror?
How do individuals typically feel upon awakening from a night terror?
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What typically happens to a person's memory of a sleepwalking episode upon awakening?
What typically happens to a person's memory of a sleepwalking episode upon awakening?
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What is insomnia primarily characterized by?
What is insomnia primarily characterized by?
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Which disorder is associated with falling directly into REM sleep without warning?
Which disorder is associated with falling directly into REM sleep without warning?
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Which term refers to the sudden loss of muscle tone associated with narcolepsy?
Which term refers to the sudden loss of muscle tone associated with narcolepsy?
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In Freudian theory, what does latent content of a dream represent?
In Freudian theory, what does latent content of a dream represent?
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What does the activation-synthesis hypothesis propose about dreams?
What does the activation-synthesis hypothesis propose about dreams?
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Which of the following is not one of the four elements of hypnosis?
Which of the following is not one of the four elements of hypnosis?
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What does the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis suggest about individuals who are hypnotized?
What does the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis suggest about individuals who are hypnotized?
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Which of the following correctly describes sleep apnea?
Which of the following correctly describes sleep apnea?
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What is a key characteristic of physical dependence on psychoactive drugs?
What is a key characteristic of physical dependence on psychoactive drugs?
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Which of the following is classified as a stimulant?
Which of the following is classified as a stimulant?
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What type of drug is described as a depressant that lowers anxiety?
What type of drug is described as a depressant that lowers anxiety?
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What effect does alcohol have on the central nervous system (CNS)?
What effect does alcohol have on the central nervous system (CNS)?
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Which of the following describes the feeling associated with psychological dependence on a drug?
Which of the following describes the feeling associated with psychological dependence on a drug?
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Which of the following is a natural stimulant?
Which of the following is a natural stimulant?
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What is the primary effect of narcotics on the body?
What is the primary effect of narcotics on the body?
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Which drug is commonly associated with the term 'date rape' drug?
Which drug is commonly associated with the term 'date rape' drug?
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What is the substance from which all narcotic drugs are derived?
What is the substance from which all narcotic drugs are derived?
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Which narcotic drug is specifically used to treat severe pain?
Which narcotic drug is specifically used to treat severe pain?
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Which of the following is a powerful synthetic hallucinogen?
Which of the following is a powerful synthetic hallucinogen?
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What are stimulatory hallucinogenics known to produce?
What are stimulatory hallucinogenics known to produce?
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Which of the following drugs is derived from the peyote cactus?
Which of the following drugs is derived from the peyote cactus?
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Which type of drug is marijuana classified as?
Which type of drug is marijuana classified as?
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What is a common use of cannabis reported in medical contexts?
What is a common use of cannabis reported in medical contexts?
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What type of hallucination occurs while falling asleep?
What type of hallucination occurs while falling asleep?
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Study Notes
Consciousness
- Consciousness is a person's awareness of everything happening around them at any given moment
- Waking consciousness is when thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the individual feels alert.
- An altered state of consciousness is when the quality or pattern of mental activity differs significantly from waking consciousness.
Necessity of Sleep
- Circadian rhythm is a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period
- "Circa" means "about"
- "Diem" means "day"
- Hypothalamus is a tiny section of the brain that influences the glandular system
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus is a component of the hypothalamus, acting as an internal clock for wake and sleep cycles.
- The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which makes a person feel sleepy.
- Microsleeps are brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds.
- Sleep deprivation is a significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems with concentration and irritability.
- Adaptive theory proposes that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active.
- Restorative theory states that sleep is necessary for physical health, replenishing chemicals and repair of cellular damage.
Brain Wave Patterns
- Electroencephalograph (EEG) allows scientists to observe brain wave activity during sleep to determine the stage of sleep.
- Alpha waves indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep.
- Theta waves indicate the early stages of sleep.
- Delta waves are long, slow waves indicating the deepest stage of sleep.
Stages of Sleep
- Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep is a stage where eyes move rapidly beneath closed eyelids, and dreams typically occur.
- Non-REM (NREM) sleep is any stage that doesn't involve REM.
- NREM stage one is light sleep.
- Hypnagogic images are vivid visual events.
- Hypnic jerks are brief bursts of activity involving movements of knees, legs, and/or whole body.
- NREM stage two includes sleep spindles (brief bursts of activity lasting a second or two).
- NREM stages three and four are defined by pronounced delta waves, and describe deep sleep.
REM Sleep and Dreaming
- REM sleep is paradoxical sleep, characterized by high brain activity.
- People usually report a dream when woken up during REM sleep.
- REM rebound is when increased amounts of REM sleep occur after periods of REM sleep deprivation.
Sleep Disorders
- Nightmares are bad dreams occurring during REM sleep.
- REM behavior disorder is a rare condition where the mechanism that blocks voluntary muscle movement fails, allowing the person to thrash and act out nightmares.
- Sleepwalking (somnambulism) is an episode of moving or walking around during deep sleep.
- Night terrors are characterized by extreme fear, screaming, and running around during deep sleep without waking fully.
- Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep.
- Sleep apnea is a disorder where breathing stops for nearly half a minute or longer.
- Narcolepsy is a disorder where a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without a warning.
Dreams
- Freud viewed dreams as wish fulfillment.
- Manifest content is the actual dream itself, while latent content is the hidden meaning.
- The activation-synthesis hypothesis explains dreams as the higher centers of the cortex attempting to make sense of the brain stem's activation during REM sleep cycles.
- The Activation-Information-Mode model (AIM) is a revised model of the activation-synthesis hypothesis, and acknowledges the influence of waking information in dream synthesis.
Hypnosis
- Hypnosis is a state of consciousness where a person is highly susceptible to suggestion.
- Four elements of hypnosis are: focusing attention on what is being said, relaxing and feeling tired, accepting suggestions easily, and using vivid imagination.
- Hypnotic susceptibility is the degree to which an individual is a good hypnotic subject.
Psychoactive Drugs
- Psychoactive drugs alter thinking, perception, and memory.
- Physical dependence is characterized by tolerance (needing more drug to experience the same effect), and withdrawal symptoms (physical discomfort when the drug is removed).
- Psychological dependence involves the feeling that a drug is necessary for emotional or psychological well-being.
Stimulants
- Stimulants increase nervous system functioning. Examples include amphetamines (synthesized), cocaine (natural), and nicotine (tobacco).
- Caffeine is a stimulant found in coffee, tea, many sodas, chocolate, and some over-the-counter drugs.
Narcotics
- Narcotics are a class of opium-related drugs that suppress pain by stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins. Opium, morphine, and heroin are examples.
Hallucinogens
- Hallucinogens are psychogenic drugs. They cause false sensory messages, impacting reality perception. LSD, PCP, MDMA (Ecstasy), mescaline, and psilocybin are included in this category.
Marijuana
- Marijuana is a mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a specific hemp plant. It is often smoked, although there are other consumption methods.
Hallucinations
- Hypnogogic hallucinations occur as one falls asleep.
- Hypnopompic hallucinations occur as one wakes up.
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Description
Explore the fascinating topics of consciousness and the necessity of sleep in this quiz. Learn about the distinctions between waking consciousness and altered states, as well as the role of circadian rhythms and the brain's control over sleep cycles. Test your knowledge on key concepts such as sleep deprivation and microsleeps.
