Psychology Chapter on Sleep and Disorders
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Questions and Answers

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a part of the brain that regulates the body's circadian rhythms.

True (A)

Which of the following is NOT a stage of NREM sleep?

  • Stage 1
  • Stage 3/4
  • Stage 2
  • REM Sleep (correct)

    • The hormone _____, released by the pineal gland, helps induce sleep.

    melatonin

    What is the difference between manifest and latent content in Freud's dream theory?

    <p>Manifest content is the dream's apparent or surface meaning, while latent content refers to the hidden or symbolic meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sleep disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Insomnia = Difficulty falling or staying asleep. Sleep Apnea = Breathing interruptions during sleep. Narcolepsy = Sudden attacks of sleepiness. REM Behavior Disorder = Acting out dreams due to lack of muscle paralysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use of hypnosis?

    <p>Improving memory accuracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Job burnout is more common in professions that involve helping others, such as nurses and teachers.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does SMART stand for in the context of goal setting?

    <p>Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Increased social interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exposure therapy is a primary treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

    <p>Obsessions and compulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _ is a personality test that measures the Big Five traits.

    <p>NEO PI-R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inability to quit a self-destructive habit is known as ______.

    <p>Substance Dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures conscious biases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatment approaches with their corresponding disorders:

    <p>Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) = Alcoholism Antidepressants = Major Depression Methadone = Opiate Dependence Exposure therapy = Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following personality tests with their primary focus:

    <p>MMPI = Assessing mental health disorders NEO PI-R = Measuring the Big Five traits Myers-Briggs Type Indicator = Classifying people into 16 types based on preferences Rorschach Inkblots = Revealing unconscious thoughts through interpretations of ambiguous inkblots Thematic Apperception Test = Revealing motives and conflicts through storytelling based on ambiguous pictures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following therapies focuses on changing thought patterns?

    <p>Cognitive Therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method used to control consciousness?

    <p>Subliminal Messaging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Barnum Effect?

    <p>The Barnum Effect describes people's tendency to perceive vague personality descriptions as accurate, often because they can be interpreted in multiple ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deinstitutionalization has always resulted in improved care for individuals with mental illness.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of community psychology?

    <p>Preventing mental health disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Libet's experiments demonstrated that conscious decisions precede brain activity for movement.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a measure of brain activity used to assess consciousness?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The state characterized by brief periods of purposeful actions is called the _ state.

    <p>minimally conscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a factor contributing to interpersonal attraction?

    <p>Intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'Mere Exposure Effect' suggests that we tend to dislike things we are frequently exposed to.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the experiment conducted by Solomon Asch that demonstrated conformity in group settings?

    <p>Asch's Conformity Experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ model emphasizes the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in the development of mental illness.

    <p>biopsychosocial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Sleeper Effect = Initially rejected messages may be accepted later Minority Influence = Persistent repetition of a message by a minority can eventually persuade the majority Passionate Love = Intense emotions, sexual desire, and romance Companionate Love = Deep affection, care, and protection Group Polarization = Group discussion leads to more extreme positions Groupthink = Suppressing doubts to maintain group harmony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

    <p>Excessive worry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exposure therapy is a common treatment approach for phobias.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)?

    <p>To provide standard criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualized individuals according to Maslow's theory?

    <p>Conformity to Social Norms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, esteem needs must be fulfilled before love and belonging needs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of human development according to Maslow's theory?

    <p>Self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The need for relationships, love, and a sense of belonging falls under Maslow's ______ needs.

    <p>Love and Belonging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following needs with their corresponding level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs:

    <p>Physiological Needs = Level 1 Safety Needs = Level 2 Love and Belonging Needs = Level 3 Esteem Needs = Level 4 Self-Actualization Needs = Level 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson's theory, what stage of psychosocial development typically occurs during adolescence (12-18 years)?

    <p>Identity vs. Role Confusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs suggests that higher-level needs can be satisfied before lower-level needs are met.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary conflict faced by individuals in Erikson's stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation?

    <p>Forming intimate relationships vs. experiencing loneliness and isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maslow's humanistic theory emphasizes the importance of ______ and personal growth.

    <p>self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of Erikson's psychosocial development with their corresponding age ranges:

    <p>Identity vs. Role Confusion = 12-18 years Intimacy vs. Isolation = 20-40 years Generativity vs. Stagnation = 40-60 years Ego Integrity vs. Despair = 60+ years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criticism that Maslow leveled against behaviorism and psychoanalysis?

    <p>These approaches ignored the role of social and cultural factors in personality development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson's theory, successfully resolving a crisis at one stage ensures smooth development in subsequent stages.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main outcomes associated with each stage of Erikson's psychosocial development?

    <p>Positive Outcome: Successful resolution of the crisis, leading to healthy development. Negative Outcome: Failure to resolve the crisis, potentially resulting in psychological difficulties in later stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Psychology

    • Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior
    • It focuses on observable behaviors, rather than internal states like intentions or expectations

    Neurons and the Nervous System

    • Neurons are cells in the nervous system that transmit information through electrochemical impulses.
    • Three main parts of a neuron:
      • Cell Body: Controls the cell's activities
      • Dendrites: Branch-like structures that receive input from other neurons.
      • Axon: A long, thin fiber that transmits information to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
    • Glia (glial cells) support neurons by insulating them, synchronizing activity, and removing waste products.
    • Action Potential: An electrical impulse that travels along the axon at a constant strength.
    • All-or-None Law: The action potential either occurs fully or not at all; it does not vary in strength or speed.
    • Process of Action Potential: -Sodium gates open, allowing sodium ions (Na+) to enter the axon, creating a positive charge. -After the action potential passes, sodium gates close, and potassium gates open, allowing potassium ions (K+) to exit the axon, restoring the negative charge. -The process repeats along the axon, propagating the signal.
    • Synapses and Neurotransmitters: The junction between two neurons where communication occurs.
    • Terminal Bouton (Presynaptic Ending): releases neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that activate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
    • Examples of neurotransmitters: Quick (Hearing, vision), Slower (Taste, smell), Very Slow (Hunger, thirst, sex drive); Dopamine, Serotonin, Acetylcholine, GABA, Glutamate, etc.

    Drugs and Their Effects

    • Drugs alter behavior by influencing synaptic communication.
    • They may increase or decrease neurotransmitter release or alter receptor sensitivity.
    • Classes of drugs:
      • Stimulants (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines) increase alertness and energy.
      • Hallucinogens (e.g., LSD, psilocybin) alter perception and mood.
      • Anxiolytics (e.g., benzodiazepines) reduce anxiety.
      • Opiates (e.g., heroin, morphine) relieve pain and induce euphoria
    • Mechanisms of commonly abused drugs:
      • Cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake, increasing dopamine levels.
      • Alcohol enhances GABA activity, reducing neural activity.
      • Nicotine mimics acetylcholine, stimulating reward pathways.

    Brain and Behavior

    • Monism: The view that mental activity is inseparable from physical brain activity, consciousness is a product of brain processes.

    • Brain Structure and Function:

      • Cerebral Cortex: Outer layer of the forebrain, divided into four lobes:
        • Occipital lobe responsible for vision
        • Temporal lobe responsible for hearing, memory, and emotion
        • Parietal lobe responsible for spatial attention and sensory integration
        • Frontal lobe responsible for motor control, decision-making, and impulse control
      • Hemispheres: Left and right, connected by the Corpus Callosum
      • Measuring brain activity:
        • EEG: Measures electrical activity on the scalp
        • MEG: Records magnetic changes in the brain
        • PET: Tracks radioactivity from injected chemicals -fMRI: Measures oxygen levels in blood to detect brain activity

    • Subcortical areas: Hypothalamus, Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum

    • Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary bodily functions (sympathetic, parasympathetic)

    • Brain Plasticity: The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections, allowing for recovery from brain injury and adaptation to new experiences

    Social Neuroscience

    • Studies the biological bases of social behavior
    • Oxytocin: Hormone involved in social bonding

    The Binding Problem

    • The question of how separate brain areas combine to produce a unified perception of a single object

    Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

    • Chromosomes are strands of hereditary material.
    • Genes control chemical reactions that direct development.
    • Dominant vs Recessive Genes:
      • Dominant genes are expressed even with one copy
      • Recessive genes are expressed only if the dominant gene is absent
    • Sex-linked and Sex-limited genes
    • Epigenetics: Study of how environmental factors influence gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.
    • Heritability: The proportion of variation in a trait due to genetics. (measured by comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins)
    • Genes influence behavior directly and indirectly.
    • Multiplier effects can amplify genetic advantages.

    Sensation and Perception

    • Sensation: Conversion of environmental energy into neural signals.

    • Perception: Interpretation of sensory information.

    • Vision:

      • Light strikes the retina, triggering rods (night vision) and cones (color and detail)
      • Blind Spot: Where the optic nerve exits the eye -Trichromatic Theory: three types of cones (red, green, blue) detect different wavelengths
      • Opponent-Process Theory: Color perception involves opposing pairs (red-green, blue-yellow) -Retinex Theory:The brain compares light patterns from different parts of the retina to create color constancy (e.g. recognizing colours regardless of different lighting contexts)

    • Dark Adaptation: The process of adjusting to low light levels, primarily involving rods.

    • Hearing: Sound waves vibrate the eardrum, causing tiny bones in the cochlea to stimulate hair cells (frequency principle, place principle)

      • Pitch Perception:

    • Touch: Warmth, pain, itch, vibration, and tickle

    • Gate Theory of Pain: Pain signals can be blocked in the spinal cord

    • Taste and Smell: Detects chemicals on the tongue and airborne molecules respectively.

    • Sensory Thresholds: (Absolute Threshold, Signal Detection Theory)

    • Subliminal Perception

    • Feature Detectors

    • Gestalt Psychology: Emphasizes perception of overall patterns (e.g., proximity, similarity, continuation, closure, good figure)

    • Depth Perception: Binocular cues (retinal disparity and convergence), Monocular cues

    Learning

    • Behaviorism: Focuses on observable behaviors, not internal states
    • Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning): Learning a new association between two stimuli.
      • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
      • Unconditioned Response (UCR)
      • Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
      • Conditioned Response (CR)
    • Extinction: When the CR weakens due to repeated CS in the absence of the UCS
    • Spontaneous Recovery: The temporary return of an extinguished response
    • Stimulus Generalization & Discrimination: Responding to similar stimuli (generalization) or differently to stimuli that predict different outcomes (discrimination)
    • Drug Tolerance
    • Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning): Changing behavior by providing a reinforcer after a response.
    • Reinforcement: Increases the likelihood of a behavior
    • Primary Reinforcers: Naturally reinforcing
    • Secondary Reinforcers: Learned through association.
    • Punishment: Decreases the likelihood of a behavior
    • Shaping: Reinforcing successive approximations to change behavior
    • Chaining: reinforcing a sequence of behaviors to form a complex one
    • Schedules of Reinforcement:
      • Fixed-Ratio
      • Variable-Ratio
      • Fixed-Interval
      • Variable-Interval

    Preparedness

    • Animals (including humans) learn to avoid foods that make them ill (conditioning)
    • Birds learn songs during a sensitive period
    • Learning by observing others (social learning, vicarious reinforcement/punishment, self-efficacy)

    Personality

    • Various theories of personality:

      • Humanistic (Rogers): Importance of conscious perceptions, emotions, and present state; the self-concept

      • Cognitive (Kelly): How individuals cognitively construct their reality; constructs that interpret and predict events.

      • Trait (Cattell): Personality comprises stable patterns of behavior, source traits

      • Behavioral (Skinner): Behavior is shaped by consequences

      • Social Learning (Bandura): Observational learning and self-efficacy; learning from others

      • Psychosocial (Erikson): 8 stages of psychosocial development; challenges and crisis.

      • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:

        • Physiological Needs
        • Safety Needs
        • Love and Belonging Needs
        • Esteem Needs
        • Self-Actualization Needs
        • Cognative
        • Aesthetic

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts in psychology related to sleep, circadian rhythms, dream theory, and various psychological disorders. Test your understanding of NREM sleep stages, hypnosis, OCD components, and personality assessments. Explore key terminology and theories to enhance your knowledge in the field of psychology.

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