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Questions and Answers
Which statement about self-esteem is accurate?
Which statement about self-esteem is accurate?
What is a primary feature of social identity?
What is a primary feature of social identity?
Which type of identity crisis describes difficulties in decision-making due to a lack of identity?
Which type of identity crisis describes difficulties in decision-making due to a lack of identity?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of identity crises as defined by Erikson?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of identity crises as defined by Erikson?
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What is the relationship between identity conflict and transitions?
What is the relationship between identity conflict and transitions?
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What is the primary cognitive function of self-concept?
What is the primary cognitive function of self-concept?
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Which period of development is characterized by the emergence of self-awareness as a separate entity?
Which period of development is characterized by the emergence of self-awareness as a separate entity?
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What is evaluation apprehension primarily associated with?
What is evaluation apprehension primarily associated with?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of low self-esteem?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of low self-esteem?
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What do possible selves signify in the context of self-schemata?
What do possible selves signify in the context of self-schemata?
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During which developmental stage do children begin to form the private self-concept?
During which developmental stage do children begin to form the private self-concept?
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What is the primary difference between the ideal self and the ought self?
What is the primary difference between the ideal self and the ought self?
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In overcoming shyness, which technique is most beneficial for building interpersonal confidence?
In overcoming shyness, which technique is most beneficial for building interpersonal confidence?
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Study Notes
Approaches to the Self
- This chapter explores how individuals develop self-awareness, manage self-esteem, and navigate social identity.
- It examines the interaction of self-concept, self-esteem, and identity with personality.
Key Components of the Self
Self-Concept
- The descriptive component of the self, answering the question "Who am I?".
- A cognitive schema organizing how individuals experience themselves.
Development of Self-Concept
- Infancy: Self-awareness emerges as infants realize they are separate from their environment.
- Childhood (2-3 years): Children begin to identify with their gender and age.
- Childhood (5-6 years): Social comparisons and a private self-concept develop.
- Adolescence: Perspective-taking and objective self-awareness increase, leading to heightened self-consciousness.
Shyness and Social Anxiety
Definition
- Shyness is a chronic state of self-awareness often accompanied by discomfort in social interactions.
Causes
- Heightened amygdala activity and cortisol responses.
- Evaluation apprehension (fear of negative judgment).
Overcoming Shyness
- Techniques include focusing outward, building confidence, gradual exposure, and anticipating failures without self-blame.
Self-Schemata
Definition
- Cognitive structures guiding the processing of self-related information.
Types
- Possible Selves: Representations of the future self (ideal, ought, feared).
- Ideal Self vs. Ought Self: Personal aspirations (ideal) and duties/obligations (ought).
Self-Esteem
Definition
- The affective component of the self – how much individuals value themselves.
Characteristics
- High self-esteem is associated with risk-taking and striving for success.
- Low self-esteem is linked to self-protective behaviors (e.g., defensive pessimism, self-handicapping).
Variability
- Self-esteem often fluctuates based on life events.
Myths
- High self-esteem does not guarantee success or popularity.
- Low self-esteem is not the primary cause of drug use or early sexual activity.
Social Identity
Definition
- The outward expression of self, observable through roles, appearance, and behaviors.
Features
- Continuity: Consistency in how others perceive the individual over time.
- Contrast: Uniqueness created by differentiation from others.
Identity Crises
Definition
- Periods of uncertainty and anxiety about self-concept, coined by Erik Erikson.
Types
- Identity Deficit: Lack of a well-defined identity, leading to difficulties in decision making.
- Identity Conflict: Incompatible aspects of identity, often occurring during transitions like adolescence or career changes.
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Description
This quiz delves into the psychological approaches to understanding the self, including self-awareness, self-esteem, and social identity. It covers the development of self-concept from infancy through adolescence and looks at related issues like shyness and social anxiety.
