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What is the term for the belief in one's own competence?
What is the tendency to attribute personal failure to external forces and personal success to internal forces?
Which concept involves protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that create an excuse for later failure?
What does the term 'looking-glass self' refer to?
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Which term refers to the process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives?
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What happens when individuals experience uncontrollable bad events and learn to feel helpless and resigned?
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What term refers to the beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information?
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Which cultural orientation emphasizes independence and autonomy?
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What type of self has stable self-concept and personal self-esteem?
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Which type of attitudes are consciously controlled and may change with education and persuasion?
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What term describes the tendency to overestimate the enduring impact of an emotion-causing event?
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Which theory suggests that high, but unstable self-esteem is correlated with aggression and bullying?
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What is the condition where beings learn to act helplessly in situations where they actually have the power to change their circumstances?
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What has been shown to lower the body's resistance to diseases by affecting the immune system?
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Which factor contributes to better health and happiness by promoting a belief in personal competence?
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What does the sociometer hypothesis buffer against?
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What can lead to more effective planning and strategy enactment according to the text?
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What term refers to the individuals' beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information?
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In which cultural orientation is personal self-esteem more emphasized and relational self-esteem less emphasized?
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Which type of attitudes are automatic and change slowly with practice that forms new habits?
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What is the term for the tendency to see oneself as if on 'center stage' and overestimate the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance, abilities, and behaviors?
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Which concept involves protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that create an excuse for later failure?
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What is the term for the belief in one's own competence?
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What does the term 'defensive pessimism' refer to?
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What characterizes the 'illusory optimism' described in the text?
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What is the 'false consensus effect' as discussed in the text?
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What does 'learned helplessness' refer to in the context of the text?
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In the context of self-presentation, what characterizes 'impression management'?
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What is the main characteristic of 'self-monitoring' as described in the text?
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What is the term for the tendency to overestimate the enduring impact of an emotion-causing event?
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What theory suggests that high, but unstable self-esteem is correlated with aggression and bullying?
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What does the term 'self-enhancement motive' refer to?
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Which factor contributes to better health and happiness by promoting a belief in personal competence?
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What concept involves protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that create an excuse for later failure?
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Which type of self has personal self-evaluations that are more positively biased?
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What has been shown to lower the body's resistance to diseases by affecting the immune system?
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What happens when individuals experience uncontrollable bad events and learn to feel helpless and resigned?
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Study Notes
Self-Competence and Attribution
- Self-efficacy refers to the belief in one’s own competence.
- The fundamental attribution error describes the tendency to attribute personal failure to external forces while crediting personal success to internal forces.
Defensive Behaviors and Self-Image
- Self-handicapping involves protecting one’s self-image by creating excuses for potential future failures.
- The 'looking-glass self' concept refers to the perception of oneself based on how others view and evaluate us.
Self-Reflection and Helplessness
- Introspection is the process of looking inward to examine one’s thoughts, feelings, and motives.
- Learned helplessness occurs when individuals experience uncontrollable negative events and develop feelings of helplessness and resignation.
Self-Concept and Cultural Orientation
- Self-schemas are beliefs about oneself that help organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.
- Individualistic cultural orientation emphasizes independence and autonomy.
Self-Esteem and Attitude Types
- Private self refers to a stable self-concept and levels of personal self-esteem.
- Explicit attitudes are consciously controlled and can change through education and persuasion.
Emotional Impact and Effect Biases
- The impact bias describes the tendency to overestimate the lasting effects of emotional events.
- The theory of self-esteem instability suggests that high but unstable self-esteem is linked to aggressive behaviors and bullying.
Helplessness and Health
- Learned helplessness refers to the condition where individuals fail to act to change unfavorable situations despite having the power to do so.
- Chronic stress has been shown to reduce the body's resistance to diseases by compromising immune system function.
Competence and Well-Being
- A sense of self-efficacy contributes positively to better health and happiness by fostering beliefs in personal competence.
- The sociometer hypothesis serves as a buffer against feelings of social exclusion and informs self-esteem based on perceived social acceptance.
Planning and Self-Relevant Information
- Effective planning and strategy enactment can be enhanced by self-reflection and mindfulness.
- Self-concepts, which organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information, shape how individuals navigate social interactions.
Cultural Self-Esteem
- In collectivistic cultures, personal self-esteem is less emphasized compared to relational self-esteem.
- Implicit attitudes are automatic, change slowly, and are often formed through repeated practice leading to habit formation.
Social Perception and Self-Presentation
- The spotlight effect describes the tendency to perceive oneself as being on 'center stage,' overestimating how much others notice and evaluate our personal traits.
- Impression management involves controlling how one is perceived by others in social situations.
Monitoring and Emotional Biases
- Self-monitoring is characterized by the ability to observe and adjust behavior based on social cues.
- The optimistic bias illustrates a tendency where individuals believe they are less likely to experience negative events compared to others.
Self-Enhancement and Personal Evaluation
- The self-enhancement motive refers to the drive to view oneself in an overly positive light, often leading to biased self-evaluations.
- Personal self-evaluations are often positively biased when reflected in the context of an inflated sense of self-worth.
Summary of Broader Concepts
- Chronic exposure to uncontrollable negative events can lead to feelings of learned helplessness, fundamentally impacting mental health and resilience.
- Understanding these concepts can improve strategies for personal development and enhance navigational skills within social frameworks.
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Description
Test your knowledge about self-concept, self-esteem, self-knowledge, social self, self-schema, and social comparisons. Explore the beliefs about the self that guide the processing of self-relevant information, as well as the impact of social comparison in online and offline settings.
