Self-Concept and Self-Esteem in Social Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What are possible selves?

  • Beliefs about the past experiences of a person
  • Beliefs about the qualities people think they should possess
  • Beliefs about the kind of person one might become in the future (correct)
  • Beliefs about the kind of person one is currently

    • According to Self-Discrepancy Theory, what is the 'ought self'?

  • Qualities people think they should possess (correct)
  • Qualities people think they actually possess
  • Qualities people feel guilty about
  • Qualities people would like to posses

    • What can cause affective states according to Self-Discrepancy Theory?

  • Mismatches between physical features and social roles
  • Mismatches between the actual, ideal, and/or ought selves (correct)
  • Mismatches between past and present selves
  • Mismatches between personality traits and abilities

    • What are self-schemas?

    <p>Beliefs about the self, including personality traits, abilities, physical features, values, goals, &amp; social roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do individuals have according to Self-Discrepancy Theory?

    <p>An actual self, an ideal self, and an ought self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are self-discrepancies according to Self-Discrepancy Theory?

    <p>Mismatches between the actual, ideal, and/or ought selves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the self-concept?

    <p>An organized collection of beliefs about the self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do possible selves refer to?

    <p>One’s conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the qualities included in the 'ideal self' according to Self-Discrepancy Theory?

    <p>Qualities people would like to posses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some effects of self-discrepancies according to Self-Discrepancy Theory?

    <p>Affective states caused by mismatches between the actual, ideal, and/or ought selves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Festinger's social comparison theory, why do people compare themselves with others?

    <p>To assess or improve abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In social comparison theory, what are reference groups used for?

    <p>Comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for one's overall assessment of worth?

    <p>Self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do individualistic cultures emphasize?

    <p>Personal goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does self-esteem relate to happiness and positive outcomes?

    <p>It is strongly linked to happiness and positive outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-regulation involve?

    <p>Managing one's own behavior and emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-efficacy according to Bandura (2012)?

    <p>Belief about one's ability to perform behaviors leading to expected goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of optimistic explanatory style according to Seligman (1991)?

    <p>Setbacks attributed to external, unstable, &amp; specific factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three dimensions of attributions in the three-dimensional attribution model by Weiner (1994)?

    <p>Internal versus external, stable versus unstable, controllable versus uncontrollable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a private self refer to?

    <p>How people see themselves &amp; like to see themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bandura (2012), what is functional for adjustment?

    <p>Increasing self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of a stable cause of behavior according to the three-dimensional attribution model?

    <p>The cause of behavior is perceived as unlikely to change over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an external attribution ascribe the causes of behavior to?

    <p>Situational demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an internal attribution ascribe the causes of behavior to?

    <p>Personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bandura (2012), what can increase self-efficacy?

    <p>Mastery experiences and persuasion/encouragement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes self-presentation according to the text?

    <p>An image presented to others in social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are possible selves?

    <p>One's conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for one's overall assessment of worth?

    <p>Self-esteem (SE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Self-Discrepancy Theory, what are the qualities people think they should possess?

    <p>Ought self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of optimistic explanatory style according to Seligman (1991)?

    <p>It is related to adjustment and well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a private self refer to?

    <p>The part of the self that is known only to oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three dimensions of attributions in the three-dimensional attribution model by Weiner (1994)?

    <p>Locus, stability, controllability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes self-presentation according to the text?

    <p>The process by which individuals monitor and control how they are perceived by others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an external attribution ascribe the causes of behavior to?

    <p>Factors outside the individual's control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an internal attribution ascribe the causes of behavior to?

    <p>Factors within the individual's control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-regulation involve?

    <p>The process of monitoring and controlling one's own behavior and emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior?

    <p>Self-attributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension interacts with the internal-external one and yields four types of attributions about success and failure?

    <p>Stable versus unstable causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the three-dimensional attribution model, what does an external attribution ascribe the causes of behavior to?

    <p>Situational demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Seligman (1991), what is consistent use of attribution patterns in life known as?

    <p>Explanatory style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of an optimistic explanatory style according to Seligman (1991)?

    <p>Setbacks attributed to external, unstable, &amp; specific factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-regulation involve?

    <p>Setting and pursuing goals, controlling behavior, and managing emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of parental role and parenting styles on the development of self-esteem?

    <p>Significantly influence the development of self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures in terms of self-view?

    <p>Individualistic cultures emphasize personal goals, while collectivist cultures prioritize group goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of feedback from others in balancing self-observations throughout life?

    <p>Crucial in balancing self-observations throughout life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-esteem refer to?

    <p>One's overall assessment of worth and can be trait or state self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of social comparison theory by Festinger?

    <p>People compare themselves with others to assess or improve abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are possible selves?

    <p>Representations of what individuals could become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do reference groups serve for according to social comparison theory?

    <p>Used for comparisons, with upward or downward social comparisons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of individualistic cultures' emphasis on personal goals?

    <p>Emphasize personal goals over group goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does coping with self-discrepancies typically involve behavior change?

    <p>Coping with self-discrepancies involves changing behavior or blunting self-awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Self-Concept: Discrepancies & Affect

    • Coping with self-discrepancies involves changing behavior or blunting self-awareness
    • Social comparison theory by Festinger states that people compare themselves with others to assess or improve abilities
    • Reference groups are used for comparisons, with upward or downward social comparisons
    • Feedback from others is crucial in balancing self-observations throughout life
    • Social context and cultural values influence self-concept
    • Individualistic cultures emphasize personal goals, while collectivist cultures prioritize group goals
    • People raised in individualistic cultures have an independent view of the self, while those in collectivist cultures have an interdependent view
    • Self-esteem refers to one's overall assessment of worth and can be trait or state self-esteem
    • Self-esteem is strongly linked to happiness and various positive outcomes
    • Parental role and parenting styles significantly influence the development of self-esteem
    • High self-esteem can lead to inflated self-appraisals and blaming others for problems
    • Self-regulation involves directing behavior towards goals and controlling behavior, with promotion and prevention focus, and aspects such as delay of gratification and self-efficacy

    The Self-Concept: Discrepancies & Affect

    • Coping with self-discrepancies involves changing behavior or blunting self-awareness
    • Social comparison theory by Festinger states that people compare themselves with others to assess or improve abilities
    • Reference groups are used for comparisons, with upward or downward social comparisons
    • Feedback from others is crucial in balancing self-observations throughout life
    • Social context and cultural values influence self-concept
    • Individualistic cultures emphasize personal goals, while collectivist cultures prioritize group goals
    • People raised in individualistic cultures have an independent view of the self, while those in collectivist cultures have an interdependent view
    • Self-esteem refers to one's overall assessment of worth and can be trait or state self-esteem
    • Self-esteem is strongly linked to happiness and various positive outcomes
    • Parental role and parenting styles significantly influence the development of self-esteem
    • High self-esteem can lead to inflated self-appraisals and blaming others for problems
    • Self-regulation involves directing behavior towards goals and controlling behavior, with promotion and prevention focus, and aspects such as delay of gratification and self-efficacy

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    Lecture 5 The Self 2023 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key aspects of the self-concept, influences of individualism and collectivism, self-esteem and its correlates, development and parenting, self-regulation, and explanatory styles related to adjustment in social psychology.

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