51 Questions
What are possible selves?
Beliefs about the kind of person one might become in the future
According to Self-Discrepancy Theory, what is the 'ought self'?
Qualities people think they should possess
What can cause affective states according to Self-Discrepancy Theory?
Mismatches between the actual, ideal, and/or ought selves
What are self-schemas?
Beliefs about the self, including personality traits, abilities, physical features, values, goals, & social roles
What do individuals have according to Self-Discrepancy Theory?
An actual self, an ideal self, and an ought self
What are self-discrepancies according to Self-Discrepancy Theory?
Mismatches between the actual, ideal, and/or ought selves
What is the nature of the self-concept?
An organized collection of beliefs about the self
What do possible selves refer to?
One’s conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future
What are the qualities included in the 'ideal self' according to Self-Discrepancy Theory?
Qualities people would like to posses
What are some effects of self-discrepancies according to Self-Discrepancy Theory?
Affective states caused by mismatches between the actual, ideal, and/or ought selves
According to Festinger's social comparison theory, why do people compare themselves with others?
To assess or improve abilities
In social comparison theory, what are reference groups used for?
Comparisons
What is the term for one's overall assessment of worth?
Self-esteem
What do individualistic cultures emphasize?
Personal goals
In what way does self-esteem relate to happiness and positive outcomes?
It is strongly linked to happiness and positive outcomes
What does self-regulation involve?
Managing one's own behavior and emotions
What is self-efficacy according to Bandura (2012)?
Belief about one's ability to perform behaviors leading to expected goals
What is the impact of optimistic explanatory style according to Seligman (1991)?
Setbacks attributed to external, unstable, & specific factors
What are the three dimensions of attributions in the three-dimensional attribution model by Weiner (1994)?
Internal versus external, stable versus unstable, controllable versus uncontrollable
What does a private self refer to?
How people see themselves & like to see themselves
According to Bandura (2012), what is functional for adjustment?
Increasing self-efficacy
What is the impact of a stable cause of behavior according to the three-dimensional attribution model?
The cause of behavior is perceived as unlikely to change over time
What does an external attribution ascribe the causes of behavior to?
Situational demands
What does an internal attribution ascribe the causes of behavior to?
Personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings
According to Bandura (2012), what can increase self-efficacy?
Mastery experiences and persuasion/encouragement
What best describes self-presentation according to the text?
An image presented to others in social interactions
What are possible selves?
One's conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future
What is the term for one's overall assessment of worth?
Self-esteem (SE)
According to Self-Discrepancy Theory, what are the qualities people think they should possess?
Ought self
What is the impact of optimistic explanatory style according to Seligman (1991)?
It is related to adjustment and well-being
What does a private self refer to?
The part of the self that is known only to oneself
What are the three dimensions of attributions in the three-dimensional attribution model by Weiner (1994)?
Locus, stability, controllability
What best describes self-presentation according to the text?
The process by which individuals monitor and control how they are perceived by others
What does an external attribution ascribe the causes of behavior to?
Factors outside the individual's control
What does an internal attribution ascribe the causes of behavior to?
Factors within the individual's control
What does self-regulation involve?
The process of monitoring and controlling one's own behavior and emotions
What is the term for inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior?
Self-attributions
Which dimension interacts with the internal-external one and yields four types of attributions about success and failure?
Stable versus unstable causes
In the three-dimensional attribution model, what does an external attribution ascribe the causes of behavior to?
Situational demands
According to Seligman (1991), what is consistent use of attribution patterns in life known as?
Explanatory style
What is the impact of an optimistic explanatory style according to Seligman (1991)?
Setbacks attributed to external, unstable, & specific factors
What does self-regulation involve?
Setting and pursuing goals, controlling behavior, and managing emotions
What is the impact of parental role and parenting styles on the development of self-esteem?
Significantly influence the development of self-esteem
What is the difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures in terms of self-view?
Individualistic cultures emphasize personal goals, while collectivist cultures prioritize group goals
What is the role of feedback from others in balancing self-observations throughout life?
Crucial in balancing self-observations throughout life
What does self-esteem refer to?
One's overall assessment of worth and can be trait or state self-esteem
What is the main focus of social comparison theory by Festinger?
People compare themselves with others to assess or improve abilities
What are possible selves?
Representations of what individuals could become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming.
What do reference groups serve for according to social comparison theory?
Used for comparisons, with upward or downward social comparisons.
What is the nature of individualistic cultures' emphasis on personal goals?
Emphasize personal goals over group goals.
How does coping with self-discrepancies typically involve behavior change?
Coping with self-discrepancies involves changing behavior or blunting self-awareness.
Study Notes
The Self-Concept: Discrepancies & Affect
- Coping with self-discrepancies involves changing behavior or blunting self-awareness
- Social comparison theory by Festinger states that people compare themselves with others to assess or improve abilities
- Reference groups are used for comparisons, with upward or downward social comparisons
- Feedback from others is crucial in balancing self-observations throughout life
- Social context and cultural values influence self-concept
- Individualistic cultures emphasize personal goals, while collectivist cultures prioritize group goals
- People raised in individualistic cultures have an independent view of the self, while those in collectivist cultures have an interdependent view
- Self-esteem refers to one's overall assessment of worth and can be trait or state self-esteem
- Self-esteem is strongly linked to happiness and various positive outcomes
- Parental role and parenting styles significantly influence the development of self-esteem
- High self-esteem can lead to inflated self-appraisals and blaming others for problems
- Self-regulation involves directing behavior towards goals and controlling behavior, with promotion and prevention focus, and aspects such as delay of gratification and self-efficacy
The Self-Concept: Discrepancies & Affect
- Coping with self-discrepancies involves changing behavior or blunting self-awareness
- Social comparison theory by Festinger states that people compare themselves with others to assess or improve abilities
- Reference groups are used for comparisons, with upward or downward social comparisons
- Feedback from others is crucial in balancing self-observations throughout life
- Social context and cultural values influence self-concept
- Individualistic cultures emphasize personal goals, while collectivist cultures prioritize group goals
- People raised in individualistic cultures have an independent view of the self, while those in collectivist cultures have an interdependent view
- Self-esteem refers to one's overall assessment of worth and can be trait or state self-esteem
- Self-esteem is strongly linked to happiness and various positive outcomes
- Parental role and parenting styles significantly influence the development of self-esteem
- High self-esteem can lead to inflated self-appraisals and blaming others for problems
- Self-regulation involves directing behavior towards goals and controlling behavior, with promotion and prevention focus, and aspects such as delay of gratification and self-efficacy
This quiz covers key aspects of the self-concept, influences of individualism and collectivism, self-esteem and its correlates, development and parenting, self-regulation, and explanatory styles related to adjustment in social psychology.
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