Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self PDF

Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self Overview This chapter delves into the concept of self, examining how individuals develop self-awareness, manage self-esteem, and navigate their social identity. It integrates theories and research on self- concept, self-esteem, and identity, offering insights int...

Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self Overview This chapter delves into the concept of self, examining how individuals develop self-awareness, manage self-esteem, and navigate their social identity. It integrates theories and research on self- concept, self-esteem, and identity, offering insights into how these aspects interact with personality. Key Components of the Self 1. Self-Concept: o The descriptive component of the self. o It answers the question: “Who am I?” o Functions as a cognitive schema that organizes and provides coherence for how individuals experience themselves. 2. Development of Self-Concept: o Infancy: ▪ Self-awareness emerges as infants recognize they are separate from the environment. o Childhood: ▪ At ages 2-3, children identify with their gender and age. ▪ By 5-6, social comparisons and the private self-concept develop. o Adolescence: ▪ Perspective-taking and objective self-awareness emerge, heightening self- consciousness(The self (SLA) 14). Shyness and Social Anxiety 1. Definition: o Shyness is a chronic state of self-awareness, often accompanied by discomfort in social interactions. 2. Causes: o May stem from heightened activity in the amygdala and cortisol responses. o Includes evaluation apprehension—fear of negative judgment. 3. Overcoming Shyness: o Techniques include focusing outward, building confidence through gradual exposure, and anticipating failure without self-blame(The self (SLA) 14)(The self (SLA) 14). Self-Schemata 1. Definition: o Cognitive structures that guide the processing of information related to the self. 2. Types: o Possible Selves: ▪ Representations of what individuals might become, hope to become, or fear becoming. ▪ Act as motivators and influence behavior. o Ideal Self vs. Ought Self: ▪ The ideal self represents personal aspirations. ▪ The ought self reflects duties and obligations(The self (SLA) 14). Self-Esteem 1. Definition: o Affective component of the self—how much individuals value themselves. 2. Characteristics: o High self-esteem is linked to risk-taking and striving for success. o Low self-esteem often leads to self-protective behaviors like defensive pessimism and self-handicapping. 3. Variability: o Refers to the magnitude of fluctuations in self-esteem, indicating vulnerability to life events(The self (SLA) 14). 4. Myths about Self-Esteem: o High self-esteem does not guarantee success or popularity. o Low self-esteem is not a primary cause of drug use or premature sexual activity (The self (SLA) 14)(The self (SLA) 14). Social Identity 1. Definition: o The outward expression of self, including roles, appearance, and behaviors observed by others. 2. Features: o Continuity: ▪ Consistency over time in how others perceive you. o Contrast: ▪ Differentiates an individual from others, creating uniqueness(The self (SLA) 14). Identity Crises 1. Definition: o Coined by Erikson, identity crises are periods of uncertainty and anxiety regarding one’s self-concept. 2. Types (Baumeister): o Identity Deficit: ▪ Lack of a well-defined identity, often leading to difficulty making decisions. o Identity Conflict: ▪ Incompatibility between aspects of identity, creating stress during transitions (e.g., adolescence, career changes)(The self (SLA) 14). Summary This chapter integrates cognitive and emotional aspects of self, emphasizing their dynamic role in shaping personality. By understanding the self-concept, managing self-esteem, and navigating identity, individuals can enhance their social interactions and personal growth.