Psychology Chapter on Relationships and Research Methods

<p>They help determine the significance of the findings by showing the range of values that could be expected by chance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced physical protection and access to necessities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They serve as signals to parents and communities to care for the infant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degree to which an individual feels rejected based on the perceived severity of the event. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent conflict and a sense of dissatisfaction in the relationship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to identify their reflection in a mirror. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 to 4 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are innate and present at birth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theory of Mind (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secure Attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A safe and nurturing environment provided by the primary caregiver. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine a child's attachment style. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thinking about what your sibling thinks about your favourite toy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are able to understand complex abstract concepts like justice and fairness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They become better at identifying faces of people they have seen before. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps them identify their mother and feel secure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to share toys with other children. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps babies learn to recognize different sounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They need a lot of attention and care to survive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that babies are able to survive and thrive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They retain the ability to recognize differences but become less good at it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People's attachment styles are not influenced by context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social sensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional expressiveness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variations in the physical environment of different cultures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphasizes the importance of context in understanding attachment styles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their tendency to elicit less positive feedback from caregivers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for a more nuanced understanding of individual differences in attachment styles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passion and intimacy are inversely proportional; as one decreases, the other also decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expressing the desire to spend specific amounts of time together (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutuality and intimacy are directly proportional; the more mutuality, the more intimacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they are internal states that are not directly observable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limited ability to assess the influence of cultural factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure consistency in measuring psychological constructs across different studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A fixed-response scale used to quantify participants' feelings of love and affection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open-ended questions provide more detailed information, while fixed-response questions offer a standardized measure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To guarantee the measures accurately measure the targeted constructs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants may be influenced by social desirability bias and provide idealized accounts of their relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are comfortable with their children's need for closeness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parent smiling and nodding as the child plays with the toy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dismissing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fretful and mixed feelings about others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps them interpret unfamiliar or ambiguous situations based on caregiver cues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occupation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Later experiences with secure and trustworthy individuals can influence attachment styles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiation acts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social cognition influences our emotions, which influence our actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are comfortable relying on others for support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subtypes are more specific than basic social categories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distorted interpretations of events. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their level of social cognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children are influenced by how other adults react to situations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By being consistently engaged and responsive to their child's initiation acts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sense of partnership where both parties feel connected and supportive towards one another.

The expectation that a partnership will continue indefinitely, involving time, effort, and resource investment.

The closeness in a relationship that increases with more overlap in qualities like mutuality and commitment.

Intangible aspects of relationships like love and trust that can't be measured directly.

The process of translating constructs into measurable terms for research purposes.

Participants' own accounts of behaviors and attitudes in a study, can be open-ended or fixed response.

A survey format where participants choose from a range of predefined answers.

A specific tool used to measure love, requiring empirical validation for accuracy.

Pros: Only way to measure some constructs. Cons: Bias in interpretation of answers.

A characteristic that can have differing values among individuals in a group.

Babies are innately equipped to respond to social stimuli, aiding in their survival.

A developmental milestone where babies begin to smile socially to engage caregivers.

Babies are sensitive to sensory stimuli, such as faces, sounds, and smells, from a young age.

Babies look longer at stimuli that resemble faces, indicating their social preferences.

The high-pitched, exaggerated speech style used by adults when talking to babies.

Babies develop food preferences based on the tastes they experience via breastmilk.

Babies can hear stories and sounds while in the womb, affecting their post-birth interest.

Babies learn to influence adults' behavior through their responses and emotional expressions.

A framework for understanding how individuals in close relationships influence each other’s feelings and behaviors.

The extent to which a person feels rejection from small comments or actions.

A method where researchers manipulate one or more variables to determine effects on others.

The variable that is intentionally manipulated in an experiment to observe effects.

The variable that is measured in an experiment to see how it is affected by the independent variable.

Methods used to determine if the differences between groups are statistically significant.

Visual indicators of the variability of data and margin of error in charts.

The concept that humans have evolved to live in groups for survival benefits.

Infants can identify happy, sad, and neutral emotions by 4-6 months.

Emotions like pride and shame develop from 18-24 months, linked to understanding reactions.

The ability to recognize oneself; absent at birth but develops early in life.

A test to determine self-awareness, typically passed by 15-18 months.

The inability to see things from others' perspectives in young children.

Understanding mental states to interpret others' thoughts and feelings.

A deep emotional bond between a child and their caregiver, essential for development.

Different phases: Pre-attachment, Attachment-in-making, True Attachment, Reciprocal relationship.

The caregiver's preparedness for pregnancy and parenting.

A type of attachment where individuals feel uncertain and anxious in relationships.

A type of attachment characterized by comfort and trust in relationships.

Infants look to caregivers for cues on how to respond in new situations.

An engagement where both caregiver and child focus on the same object or event.

Behaviors by the child that indicate interest in caregiver's engagement.

Requires four consecutive joint attention behaviors between partners.

Characteristics include clinginess and uncertainty about caregiver's availability.

A style where individuals see closeness as unnecessary and prioritize self-reliance.

How we perceive and interpret ourselves and others in social contexts.

Initial judgments formed about someone after minimal interaction.

An attachment style marked by dependence on others' validation.

A style characterized by avoidance of intimacy due to fear of rejection.

Quickly organizing people into social categories upon first encounter.

A framework established from early relationships that influences future connections.

A psychological framework explaining how children bond with caregivers and how this affects their development.

Different cultures establish attachment security in diverse ways.

A classification indicating that attachment can be more complex than just secure and insecure.

Biologically-based behavioral traits that influence how a child interacts with caregivers.

A temperament trait where a child is prone to experiencing negative emotions.

The ease with which a child can be calmed or comforted by a caregiver.

Cultures where group harmony is prioritized over individual expression of emotions.