Psychology Chapter on Relationships and Attraction
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Questions and Answers

What is one significant consequence of lacking relationships?

  • Enhanced physical health
  • Increased creativity
  • Improved social skills
  • Higher mortality rates (correct)

    • Which feature distinguishes communal relationships from exchange relationships?

  • Involvement in business transactions
  • Focus on mutual concern (correct)
  • Guided by equity
  • Basis on trade

    • What hypothesis suggests that social media use can actually increase loneliness?

  • Stimulation Hypothesis
  • Correlational Hypothesis
  • Displacement Hypothesis (correct)
  • Isolation Hypothesis

    • Which type of relationship is typically governed by the principle of need?

    <p>Communal Relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the universal features of human relationships identified in the study of social behavior?

    <p>Affection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about loneliness is accurate?

    <p>It has effects comparable to obesity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of relationship is reciprocity more common?

    <p>Professional interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significantly enriches the survival and reproductive success of humans?

    <p>The formation of relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of relationship is more common in North America and Europe?

    <p>Exchange relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Equity Theory emphasize about relationships?

    <p>Fairness in the ratio of rewards and costs is essential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attachment style is characterized by a fear of abandonment?

    <p>Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Reward Theory, what motivates individuals to maintain relationships?

    <p>Maximizing rewards and minimizing costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultural context is associated with treating employees like family members?

    <p>East Asia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome does a higher comparison level for alternatives suggest according to Social Exchange Theory?

    <p>Lower dependency on the current partner (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is crucial for relationship satisfaction according to the content provided?

    <p>Perceived fairness in the relationship (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious consequence can arise from loneliness according to the information given?

    <p>Negative impact on physical health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Need to Belong

    Refers to the inherent human drive to connect with others and be part of a group.

    Communal Relationships

    Relationships characterized by a focus on mutual care and support, with benefits given without expecting immediate repayment.

    Exchange Relationships

    Relationships based on exchange of benefits, where contributions and rewards are expected to balance.

    Loneliness

    The state of feeling disconnected or isolated from others, which can have significant negative impacts on physical and mental health.

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    Displacement Hypothesis

    The idea that replacing face-to-face interactions with social media use can contribute to feelings of isolation and loneliness.

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    Stimulation Hypothesis

    The idea that using social media can help strengthen existing relationships and decrease loneliness.

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    Relationship Satisfaction

    The feeling of satisfaction in a relationship that is determined by the balance between rewards received and costs incurred.

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    Equity Principle

    This principle states that people prefer to maintain a balance between their contributions and rewards in relationships.

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    Reward Theory

    A theory that suggests people form and maintain relationships based on the perceived rewards they receive. These rewards could include emotional support, companionship, or material benefits.

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    Social Exchange Theory

    A theory that states people assess relationships based on what they expect to get (comparison level) and what they could get elsewhere (comparison level for alternatives). If the current relationship falls short, dissatisfaction may arise.

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    Equity Theory

    A theory that emphasizes fairness in relationships. It proposes that partners should contribute equally, or at least feel that their ratios of rewards to costs are balanced. Imbalances can lead to conflict.

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    Attachment Styles

    A pattern of relating to others based on early childhood experiences with caregivers. Characterized by feelings of security, avoidance, or anxiety.

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    Secure Attachment

    Marked by trust, comfort with intimacy, and a secure base for exploration. These individuals typically form healthy and trusting relationships.

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    Avoidant Attachment

    Marked by difficulty with intimacy, emotional distance, and distrust. Individuals with this style may avoid close relationships or find it challenging to open up.

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    Study Notes

    Relationships and Attraction - Study Notes

    • Human Relationships are Fundamental: Humans are social beings; relationships are crucial for survival, reproduction, and well-being. Social isolation leads to increased mortality, suicide, and crime rates.

    • Need to Belong - Evolutionary Basis: Relationships enhance survival and reproduction. Parents-offspring bonds and friendships support survival and cooperation (e.g., predator defense). Universal features include caregiving, affection, and conflict.

    • Loneliness's Health Impact: Loneliness significantly impacts health, similar to the effects of obesity or smoking, contributing to physical decline and death risk. 35% of US adults 45+ report loneliness. Social media effects vary; displacement leads to increased loneliness, while stimulation may reduce it.

    • Types of Relationships:

      • Communal Relationships: These focus on mutual care and concern, common in family and close friendships; guided by need.
      • Exchange Relationships: These focus on reciprocity and trade, common in work or business; governed by equity.

    • Cultural Variations: Communal relationships are more frequent in East Asian and Latin American cultures, while exchange relationships are more common in North America and Europe. Culture affects business practices, e.g., East Asian workplaces often prioritize family-like treatment, while Western settings are more transactional.

    • Relationship Satisfaction:

      • Reward Theory: Maintaining a relationship depends on perceived rewards (e.g., companionship).
      • Social Exchange Theory: Evaluated by comparison levels (expected outcomes) and comparison levels for alternatives (outcomes in other relationships). Higher satisfaction leads to a longer relationship.
      • Equity Theory: Relationships are fair when both individuals receive comparable rewards-to-costs. Imbalances result in unhappiness.

    • Attachment Styles (Bowlby's Theory):

      • Secure Attachment: Characterized by comfort with intimacy and dependence; linked to positive relationships.
      • Avoidant Attachment: Difficulty trusting others and discomfort with intimacy.
      • Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment: Over-dependence on others and fear of abandonment.

    • Key Takeaway: Relationships are crucial for physical and mental well-being. Cultural context affects relationships. Loneliness significantly impacts health, and social connections mitigate these impacts. Understanding relationship styles (communal/exchange, secure/insecure) predicts relationship satisfaction and longevity.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental aspects of human relationships, highlighting their importance for survival and well-being. It delves into the evolutionary basis of the need to belong, the health impacts of loneliness, and the different types of relationships, including communal relationships. Test your understanding of these concepts in psychology.

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