Psychology Chapter on Reinforcement and Memory

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Which type of reinforcement involves presenting something to increase a behavior?

Negative punishment

Negative reinforcement

Positive punishment

Positive reinforcement (correct)

What is a key characteristic of variable ratio schedules in partial reinforcement?

Reinforcement is always immediate.

Reinforcement occurs at fixed intervals of time.

Reinforcement is provided after a set number of responses.

Reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable number of responses. (correct)

Which type of long-term memory involves recalling specific facts and events?

Explicit memory (correct)

Implicit memory

Priming memory

Procedural memory

In the context of memory, what does rehearsal primarily enhance?

Long-term memory consolidation Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes retrograde amnesia from anterograde amnesia?

Retrograde amnesia impairs memories before the incident, while anterograde amnesia affects the ability to create new memories. Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by caregivers who only help when needed but ignore the child otherwise?

Neglective Signup and view all the answers

What area of the brain is primarily developing during adolescence?

Frontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the major processes in classical conditioning?

Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

In the context of moral development, what does Kohlberg's first stage involve?

Obedience and punishment orientation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about self-discipline and self-regulation is correct?

They support consistent moral behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of classical conditioning is the response that occurs naturally without conditioning?

Unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning?

Reinforcement increases behavior; punishment decreases it. Signup and view all the answers

What change in memory is typically observed as individuals age?

Decline in prospective memory Signup and view all the answers

What is sexual identity?

An individual's conception of themselves in relation to who they choose to love Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes social learning theory in relation to gender expression?

One acquires identity by observing and imitating others' behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three big issues in developmental psychology?

Nature and Nurture, Continuity and Stages, Stability and Change Signup and view all the answers

What role do teratogens play in prenatal development?

They are harmful substances that can affect fetal development. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage?

Children use sensory experiences to learn about the world. Signup and view all the answers

How does Vygotsky's view of cognitive development differ from that of Piaget?

Learning is social and precedes individual development. Signup and view all the answers

What do Harlow’s monkeys demonstrate about attachment?

Bodily contact is essential for normal social development. Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style allows infants to explore their environment freely when the caregiver is present?

Secure attachment Signup and view all the answers

What do genes represent in the context of DNA?

Parts of DNA that manifest the development of physical and psychological traits Signup and view all the answers

How do adoption studies help researchers understand the nature-nurture interaction?

By studying individuals with both genetic and environmental influences Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

Monozygotic twins originate from the same egg while dizygotic twins come from different eggs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes heritability?

A statistical measure indicating the genetic contribution to trait variation in a population Signup and view all the answers

What are the three ways in which genes and the environment interact?

Passive, reactive, and active Signup and view all the answers

What does sexual selection theory explain?

The development of characteristics for mating advantages Signup and view all the answers

How is individualism characterized compared to collectivism?

An independent sense of self, focusing on personal achievements Signup and view all the answers

What defines intersex individuals?

Individuals with characteristics of both male and female biological traits Signup and view all the answers