Psychology Chapter on Reinforcement and Memory
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Questions and Answers

Which type of reinforcement involves presenting something to increase a behavior?

  • Negative punishment
  • Negative reinforcement
  • Positive punishment
  • Positive reinforcement (correct)

What is a key characteristic of variable ratio schedules in partial reinforcement?

  • Reinforcement is always immediate.
  • Reinforcement occurs at fixed intervals of time.
  • Reinforcement is provided after a set number of responses.
  • Reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable number of responses. (correct)

Which type of long-term memory involves recalling specific facts and events?

  • Explicit memory (correct)
  • Implicit memory
  • Priming memory
  • Procedural memory

In the context of memory, what does rehearsal primarily enhance?

<p>Long-term memory consolidation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes retrograde amnesia from anterograde amnesia?

<p>Retrograde amnesia impairs memories before the incident, while anterograde amnesia affects the ability to create new memories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by caregivers who only help when needed but ignore the child otherwise?

<p>Neglective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area of the brain is primarily developing during adolescence?

<p>Frontal cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the major processes in classical conditioning?

<p>Reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of moral development, what does Kohlberg's first stage involve?

<p>Obedience and punishment orientation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about self-discipline and self-regulation is correct?

<p>They support consistent moral behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of classical conditioning is the response that occurs naturally without conditioning?

<p>Unconditioned stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning?

<p>Reinforcement increases behavior; punishment decreases it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change in memory is typically observed as individuals age?

<p>Decline in prospective memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sexual identity?

<p>An individual's conception of themselves in relation to who they choose to love (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes social learning theory in relation to gender expression?

<p>One acquires identity by observing and imitating others' behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three big issues in developmental psychology?

<p>Nature and Nurture, Continuity and Stages, Stability and Change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do teratogens play in prenatal development?

<p>They are harmful substances that can affect fetal development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage?

<p>Children use sensory experiences to learn about the world. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Vygotsky's view of cognitive development differ from that of Piaget?

<p>Learning is social and precedes individual development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Harlow’s monkeys demonstrate about attachment?

<p>Bodily contact is essential for normal social development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style allows infants to explore their environment freely when the caregiver is present?

<p>Secure attachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do genes represent in the context of DNA?

<p>Parts of DNA that manifest the development of physical and psychological traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do adoption studies help researchers understand the nature-nurture interaction?

<p>By studying individuals with both genetic and environmental influences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

<p>Monozygotic twins originate from the same egg while dizygotic twins come from different eggs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes heritability?

<p>A statistical measure indicating the genetic contribution to trait variation in a population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three ways in which genes and the environment interact?

<p>Passive, reactive, and active (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sexual selection theory explain?

<p>The development of characteristics for mating advantages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is individualism characterized compared to collectivism?

<p>An independent sense of self, focusing on personal achievements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines intersex individuals?

<p>Individuals with characteristics of both male and female biological traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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