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What does differential reinforcement refer to?
What does differential reinforcement refer to?
Positive reinforcement involves the removal of an undesirable outcome.
Positive reinforcement involves the removal of an undesirable outcome.
False
Name two types of social reinforcement.
Name two types of social reinforcement.
Tangible rewards and intangible rewards
Self-reinforcement involves exercising ______ control.
Self-reinforcement involves exercising ______ control.
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Which of the following is an example of indirect negative reinforcement?
Which of the following is an example of indirect negative reinforcement?
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Match the types of reinforcement with their descriptions:
Match the types of reinforcement with their descriptions:
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What is the role of imitation in Social Learning Theory?
What is the role of imitation in Social Learning Theory?
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Non-social reinforcement refers to the direct reactions of others when a behavior is performed.
Non-social reinforcement refers to the direct reactions of others when a behavior is performed.
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What factor increases the likelihood of imitation according to social learning theory?
What factor increases the likelihood of imitation according to social learning theory?
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Behavior is learned solely through direct reinforcement.
Behavior is learned solely through direct reinforcement.
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What is the term used to describe the rewards and punishments that influence future deviance?
What is the term used to describe the rewards and punishments that influence future deviance?
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The concept that all behavior is learned from others is central to _____ theory.
The concept that all behavior is learned from others is central to _____ theory.
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Which of the following best describes the primary influence on imitation?
Which of the following best describes the primary influence on imitation?
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Match the following factors with their impact on imitation:
Match the following factors with their impact on imitation:
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According to criminological findings, which factor is often predictive of future behavior?
According to criminological findings, which factor is often predictive of future behavior?
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What type of models can be considered salient in social learning?
What type of models can be considered salient in social learning?
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Who is the founder of the Institute of Criminal Law & Criminology?
Who is the founder of the Institute of Criminal Law & Criminology?
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According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is solely inherited.
According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is solely inherited.
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What principle states that criminal behavior includes learning crime commission techniques?
What principle states that criminal behavior includes learning crime commission techniques?
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Criminal behavior is learned through interaction with ______.
Criminal behavior is learned through interaction with ______.
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Which principle indicates that a person becomes delinquent due to an excess of definitions favorable to law violation?
Which principle indicates that a person becomes delinquent due to an excess of definitions favorable to law violation?
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Match the principles of differential association theory with their descriptions:
Match the principles of differential association theory with their descriptions:
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Differential association theory emphasizes the importance of large groups in learning criminal behavior.
Differential association theory emphasizes the importance of large groups in learning criminal behavior.
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What influential school's tradition heavily impacted Edwin H. Sutherland's work?
What influential school's tradition heavily impacted Edwin H. Sutherland's work?
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What does the 'normative dimension' in differential association refer to?
What does the 'normative dimension' in differential association refer to?
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Imitation is an insignificant component of social learning theory.
Imitation is an insignificant component of social learning theory.
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Identify one type of definition according to Sutherland's concept in social learning theory.
Identify one type of definition according to Sutherland's concept in social learning theory.
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The concept that emphasizes learning through interaction within intimate peer group settings is known as _______ association.
The concept that emphasizes learning through interaction within intimate peer group settings is known as _______ association.
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Match the following definitions with their descriptions:
Match the following definitions with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is a factor in the modalities of association?
Which of the following is a factor in the modalities of association?
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Indirect association only involves close personal relationships.
Indirect association only involves close personal relationships.
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What is one example of a 'reference group' in the context of social learning?
What is one example of a 'reference group' in the context of social learning?
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Which of the following concepts is associated with operant conditioning as proposed by Akers?
Which of the following concepts is associated with operant conditioning as proposed by Akers?
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Social Learning Theory states that all behaviors are learned only in formal educational settings.
Social Learning Theory states that all behaviors are learned only in formal educational settings.
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Who is credited with revising differential association theory to form Social Learning Theory?
Who is credited with revising differential association theory to form Social Learning Theory?
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Criminal behavior is learned through ______ with others.
Criminal behavior is learned through ______ with others.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What does Akers' Social Learning Theory primarily focus on?
What does Akers' Social Learning Theory primarily focus on?
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Sutherland's nine principles have been retained unchanged in Akers' revision of the differential association theory.
Sutherland's nine principles have been retained unchanged in Akers' revision of the differential association theory.
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What are the two types of conditioning discussed in Social Learning Theory?
What are the two types of conditioning discussed in Social Learning Theory?
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Study Notes
Social Learning Theory
- Social Learning Theory has four main concepts: differential reinforcement, imitation, definitions, and differential association.
- Differential reinforcement is the balance of rewards and punishments that follow a behavior, it can be either anticipated or actual.
- The type of reinforcement can either be Direct or Indirect, and can either be Positive or Negative
- Direct Positive Reinforcement: Desirable outcomes (e.g. praise)
- Direct Negative Reinforcement: Desirable removal of undesired things (e.g. avoiding being yelled at)
- Indirect Positive Reinforcement: Undesirable consequences (e.g. getting arrested)
- Indirect Negative Reinforcement: Undesirable loss of a reward (e.g. losing a privilege)
- Non-social reinforcement is direct physical effects, like the effects of drugs.
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Social reinforcement is the direct reactions of others when a behavior is performed.
- Social punishment includes reactions like disapproval.
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Social rewards can either be tangible or intangible
- Tangible rewards are things like food, sex, money, or materials.
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Intangible rewards are things like approval, recognition, or status.
- Intangible rewards are often symbolic and fulfill ideological, religious, or political goals.
- Self-reinforcement involves exercising self-control and behaving as if others were present.
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Imitation plays a part in the initial acquisition of a behavior. People imitate actions they observe if they think the outcome is positive.
- Vicarious reinforcement is the process of observing the consequences of someone else's actions and choosing to imitate or avoid a behavior based on that.
- Imitation depends on the model. People are more likely to imitate those they respect or like. People are least likely to imitate those they dislike or don't respect.
- Definitions are a person's attitudes, beliefs, and rationalizations about a behavior.
- All behavior is learned from others, particularly within intimate groups.
- Social learning is a process that starts with the initial engagement of deviant behavior.
- The initial engagement is either encouraged or inhibited by the balance of, differential association, definitions, and differential reinforcement.
- Once a behavior is engaged, non-social and social reinforcers effect the likelihood of that behavior recurring, the frequency of the behavior, and a person's definitions and peer associations.
Key Facts about Crime
- Past behavior is often predictive of future behavior.
- Delinquency is typically a group behavior.
- Delinquent groups tend to be small, unorganized, and short lived.
Edwin H. Sutherland
- Professor of Sociology at Indiana University
- Founded the Institute of Criminal Law & Criminology in 1935
- Considered one of the most important criminologists of the 20th century
- Influenced by the Chicago School tradition, linking social organization to individuals' behavior
Differential Association Theory
- Developed by Edwin H. Sutherland
- Presented in the 4th edition of Principles of Criminology (1947)
- Comprises 9 principles outlining how criminal behavior is learned
Key Principles
- Criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others, primarily within intimate personal groups
- Learning includes techniques of crime commission and motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes
- Legal codes are perceived as favorable or unfavorable, influencing attitudes towards crime
- Delinquency occurs when definitions favorable to law violation outweigh those opposing crime
- Differential association signifies the process of learning criminal behavior through interaction with others within close-knit groups
Social Learning Theory
- Developed by Ron Akers, Professor Emeritus at the University of Florida, recipient of the Sutherland Award in 1988.
- A revision of Edwin Sutherland’s Differential Association theory (1947), which posits that criminal behavior is learned.
- Akers' revision incorporated elements of Social Psychology like B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning and Pavlov's classical conditioning theories.
- Focuses on how individuals learn to engage in crime through interaction with others and their social environment.
- Akers' theory expands upon Sutherland's 9 principles of differential association, condensing them into 7 propositions while also adding a focus on the learning process itself.
- This includes differentiating between different types of reinforcement, such as operant and classical.
- Operant conditioning emphasizes the relationship between behavior and the consequences that follow, while classical conditioning focuses on the association between stimuli.
Key Concepts of Social Learning Theory
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Differential Association: The learning of criminal behavior occurs through interaction with significant others, especially within close groups.
- Includes primary groups (family, friends) and secondary groups (school, church), as well as reference groups (peer groups, social media, and symbolic groups).
- The modalities of association (frequency, duration, priority, and intensity) influence the strength of the learned behavior.
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Definitions: Individuals learn the moral and legal meanings attached to behavior, shaping their attitudes and beliefs about crime.
- Positive definitions justify crime, while negative definitions condemn it.
- Neutralizing definitions rationalize criminal behavior, diminishing its perceived harm.
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Differential Reinforcement: Behaviors are learned based on the rewards and punishments associated with them.
- Individuals are more likely to engage in behaviors that have been positively reinforced, and less likely in behaviors that have been punished.
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Imitation: Individuals learn criminal behavior by observing and mimicking the actions of others.
- This can occur through direct observation, but also through media and other forms of indirect exposure to criminal behavior.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of Social Learning Theory, including differential reinforcement, imitation, and associations. Understand how behaviors are influenced by direct and indirect reinforcements, along with the impact of social reactions. This quiz will help solidify your grasp of these fundamental ideas.
