Social Learning Theory Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does differential reinforcement refer to?

  • The practice of ignoring undesirable behaviors
  • The balance of rewards and punishments that follow behavior (correct)
  • The amount of punishment only
  • The use of only social rewards

    • Positive reinforcement involves the removal of an undesirable outcome.

    False

    Name two types of social reinforcement.

    Tangible rewards and intangible rewards

    Self-reinforcement involves exercising ______ control.

    <p>self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of indirect negative reinforcement?

    <p>Avoiding punishment by not engaging in undesirable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of reinforcement with their descriptions:

    <p>Positive Reinforcement = Desirable rewarding outcomes Negative Reinforcement = Avoidance of undesired events Direct Punishment = Undesirable consequences of a behavior Indirect Punishment = Removal of a previously enjoyed reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of imitation in Social Learning Theory?

    <p>Imitation is central to the initial acquisition of behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-social reinforcement refers to the direct reactions of others when a behavior is performed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor increases the likelihood of imitation according to social learning theory?

    <p>The model shows signs of reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behavior is learned solely through direct reinforcement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the rewards and punishments that influence future deviance?

    <p>differential reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept that all behavior is learned from others is central to _____ theory.

    <p>Social Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary influence on imitation?

    <p>Respect for the model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their impact on imitation:

    <p>Likes/ respects model = Increases imitation Model receives punishment = Decreases imitation Model shows pleasure = Increases imitation Disrespect for model = Decreases imitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to criminological findings, which factor is often predictive of future behavior?

    <p>Past behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of models can be considered salient in social learning?

    <p>Real and symbolic models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the founder of the Institute of Criminal Law & Criminology?

    <p>Edwin H. Sutherland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is solely inherited.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle states that criminal behavior includes learning crime commission techniques?

    <p>Principle 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Criminal behavior is learned through interaction with ______.

    <p>others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle indicates that a person becomes delinquent due to an excess of definitions favorable to law violation?

    <p>Principle 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the principles of differential association theory with their descriptions:

    <p>Principle 1 = Criminal behavior is learned Principle 3 = Learning occurs in intimate personal groups Principle 2 = Interaction and communication are essential Principle 4 = Includes techniques and motives for crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differential association theory emphasizes the importance of large groups in learning criminal behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influential school's tradition heavily impacted Edwin H. Sutherland's work?

    <p>Chicago School</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'normative dimension' in differential association refer to?

    <p>Patterns of norms exposed through associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Imitation is an insignificant component of social learning theory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one type of definition according to Sutherland's concept in social learning theory.

    <p>General or Negative Definitions, Specific Definitions, or Neutralizing Definitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept that emphasizes learning through interaction within intimate peer group settings is known as _______ association.

    <p>differential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following definitions with their descriptions:

    <p>General Definitions = Beliefs that conventional values are upheld. Specific Definitions = Beliefs that justify morally desirable behavior. Neutralizing Definitions = Beliefs that rationalize unacceptable behavior. Negative Definitions = Attitudes that view harming others as wrong.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor in the modalities of association?

    <p>Intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indirect association only involves close personal relationships.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of a 'reference group' in the context of social learning?

    <p>School, church, or social media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is associated with operant conditioning as proposed by Akers?

    <p>Relationship between response and stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social Learning Theory states that all behaviors are learned only in formal educational settings.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with revising differential association theory to form Social Learning Theory?

    <p>Ron Akers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Criminal behavior is learned through ______ with others.

    <p>interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Operant Conditioning = Reinforcement through consequences of behavior Classical Conditioning = Learning through association of stimuli Social Reinforcement = Responses from others that influence behavior Self-Reinforcement = Internal rewards for one's behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Akers' Social Learning Theory primarily focus on?

    <p>The learning processes involved in behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sutherland's nine principles have been retained unchanged in Akers' revision of the differential association theory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of conditioning discussed in Social Learning Theory?

    <p>Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social Learning Theory

    • Social Learning Theory has four main concepts: differential reinforcement, imitation, definitions, and differential association.
    • Differential reinforcement is the balance of rewards and punishments that follow a behavior, it can be either anticipated or actual.
    • The type of reinforcement can either be Direct or Indirect, and can either be Positive or Negative
      • Direct Positive Reinforcement: Desirable outcomes (e.g. praise)
      • Direct Negative Reinforcement: Desirable removal of undesired things (e.g. avoiding being yelled at)
      • Indirect Positive Reinforcement: Undesirable consequences (e.g. getting arrested)
      • Indirect Negative Reinforcement: Undesirable loss of a reward (e.g. losing a privilege)
    • Non-social reinforcement is direct physical effects, like the effects of drugs.
    • Social reinforcement is the direct reactions of others when a behavior is performed.
      • Social punishment includes reactions like disapproval.
      • Social rewards can either be tangible or intangible
        • Tangible rewards are things like food, sex, money, or materials.
        • Intangible rewards are things like approval, recognition, or status.
          • Intangible rewards are often symbolic and fulfill ideological, religious, or political goals.
    • Self-reinforcement involves exercising self-control and behaving as if others were present.
    • Imitation plays a part in the initial acquisition of a behavior. People imitate actions they observe if they think the outcome is positive.
      • Vicarious reinforcement is the process of observing the consequences of someone else's actions and choosing to imitate or avoid a behavior based on that.
    • Imitation depends on the model. People are more likely to imitate those they respect or like. People are least likely to imitate those they dislike or don't respect.
    • Definitions are a person's attitudes, beliefs, and rationalizations about a behavior.
    • All behavior is learned from others, particularly within intimate groups.
    • Social learning is a process that starts with the initial engagement of deviant behavior.
      • The initial engagement is either encouraged or inhibited by the balance of, differential association, definitions, and differential reinforcement.
      • Once a behavior is engaged, non-social and social reinforcers effect the likelihood of that behavior recurring, the frequency of the behavior, and a person's definitions and peer associations.

    Key Facts about Crime

    • Past behavior is often predictive of future behavior.
    • Delinquency is typically a group behavior.
      • Delinquent groups tend to be small, unorganized, and short lived.

    Edwin H. Sutherland

    • Professor of Sociology at Indiana University
    • Founded the Institute of Criminal Law & Criminology in 1935
    • Considered one of the most important criminologists of the 20th century
    • Influenced by the Chicago School tradition, linking social organization to individuals' behavior

    Differential Association Theory

    • Developed by Edwin H. Sutherland
    • Presented in the 4th edition of Principles of Criminology (1947)
    • Comprises 9 principles outlining how criminal behavior is learned

    Key Principles

    • Criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others, primarily within intimate personal groups
    • Learning includes techniques of crime commission and motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes
    • Legal codes are perceived as favorable or unfavorable, influencing attitudes towards crime
    • Delinquency occurs when definitions favorable to law violation outweigh those opposing crime
    • Differential association signifies the process of learning criminal behavior through interaction with others within close-knit groups

    Social Learning Theory

    • Developed by Ron Akers, Professor Emeritus at the University of Florida, recipient of the Sutherland Award in 1988.
    • A revision of Edwin Sutherland’s Differential Association theory (1947), which posits that criminal behavior is learned.
      • Akers' revision incorporated elements of Social Psychology like B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning and Pavlov's classical conditioning theories.
    • Focuses on how individuals learn to engage in crime through interaction with others and their social environment.
    • Akers' theory expands upon Sutherland's 9 principles of differential association, condensing them into 7 propositions while also adding a focus on the learning process itself.
      • This includes differentiating between different types of reinforcement, such as operant and classical.
      • Operant conditioning emphasizes the relationship between behavior and the consequences that follow, while classical conditioning focuses on the association between stimuli.

    Key Concepts of Social Learning Theory

    • Differential Association: The learning of criminal behavior occurs through interaction with significant others, especially within close groups.
      • Includes primary groups (family, friends) and secondary groups (school, church), as well as reference groups (peer groups, social media, and symbolic groups).
      • The modalities of association (frequency, duration, priority, and intensity) influence the strength of the learned behavior.
    • Definitions: Individuals learn the moral and legal meanings attached to behavior, shaping their attitudes and beliefs about crime.
      • Positive definitions justify crime, while negative definitions condemn it.
      • Neutralizing definitions rationalize criminal behavior, diminishing its perceived harm.
    • Differential Reinforcement: Behaviors are learned based on the rewards and punishments associated with them.
      • Individuals are more likely to engage in behaviors that have been positively reinforced, and less likely in behaviors that have been punished.
    • Imitation: Individuals learn criminal behavior by observing and mimicking the actions of others.
      • This can occur through direct observation, but also through media and other forms of indirect exposure to criminal behavior.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts of Social Learning Theory, including differential reinforcement, imitation, and associations. Understand how behaviors are influenced by direct and indirect reinforcements, along with the impact of social reactions. This quiz will help solidify your grasp of these fundamental ideas.

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