Questions and Answers
What physiological response does public speaking trigger in the brain?
What is a primary focus of psychologists?
Which type of mental health practitioner is allowed to prescribe medication?
What type of training must clinical psychologists undergo?
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How long is the medical training required for psychiatrists?
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What is one role of psychiatric social workers?
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In clinical psychology, who must clinical practitioners partner with to prescribe medication?
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What is required for Master’s Degree holders in Clinical Psychology in this country before they can practice?
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What role do guidance counselors primarily serve in an educational setting?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of psychology mentioned in the content?
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What is one of the primary focuses of Industrial-Organizational Psychology?
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What is required for someone to become a psychologist?
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Which step is crucial when choosing a research topic in psychology?
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What professional title is associated with an individual who holds a Master's degree in Social Work?
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What type of psychology deals with the mental processes and behaviors of humans and animals?
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What is one of the aspects to consider when selecting a topic for psychological research?
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What does the psychodynamic perspective emphasize about the unconscious mind?
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Which theorist is primarily associated with the psychodynamic perspective?
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In the context of humanistic psychology, how is fear viewed?
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What approach did humanistic psychology take compared to behavioral and psychodynamic perspectives?
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Which of the following describes the view of the unconscious mind in psychodynamic theory?
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What is a key criticism of the psychodynamic perspective?
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How did Maslow contribute to the understanding of humanistic psychology?
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Which statement best summarizes the perspective of a psychodynamic theorist regarding fears?
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What is the primary purpose of aligning results with the RRL?
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Which method is NOT associated with naturalistic observation?
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What can bias the observer's results in naturalistic observation?
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To minimize the observer effect, what should an observer do?
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Which scenario might exemplify the observer effect?
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What is a potential advantage of participant observation?
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What should be done when results are not aligned with the RRL?
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The term 'naturalistic observation' refers to what type of methodology?
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What is the primary purpose of archival research?
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What does a correlation coefficient indicate?
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In an experiment, what is the role of the independent variable?
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Which type of research is suitable when data on a topic is insufficient?
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What does a positive correlation indicate?
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What is the focus of operationalization in research?
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Which of the following statements is true about correlation methods?
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Which variable in research represents the measurable response from participants?
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Study Notes
Psychological Perspectives
- Constant worry and self-criticism reflect an individual's internal conflicts and fears.
Psychodynamic Perspective
- Pioneered by Sigmund Freud, emphasizing the unconscious mind's role in shaping behavior.
- Behaviors are influenced by hidden aspects of the mind, analogous to an iceberg.
- Repression of traumatic childhood memories affects current fears, such as public speaking.
Humanistic Perspective
- Developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers as a positive human behavior approach.
- Stresses individual choice and personal growth rather than past experiences or rewards.
- Fear can motivate personal growth and is interpreted as a survival mechanism.
Psychological Professionals
- Various roles in mental health, each requiring specific training and licensing.
Psychologists
- Hold PhDs, focus on research, teaching, and clinical practice.
- Conduct assessments and implement intervention programs.
- Require internships and licensure; master's degree holders must pass a board exam.
Psychiatrists
- Medical professionals specialized in diagnosing and treating psychological disorders.
- Complete medical school and residency in psychiatry, can prescribe medications.
Psychiatric Social Workers
- Licensed social workers trained to address psychological issues within societal contexts.
Fields of Psychology
- Clinical Psychology: Focuses on diagnosing and treating mental disorders; cannot prescribe medications.
- School and Educational Psychology: Supports students with academic difficulties and career planning.
- Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Applies psychological principles to enhance workplace productivity and employee well-being.
Licenses in Psychology
- Various degrees and qualifications:
- Psychometrician (B.S.)
- Psychologists (M.A., Ph.D., Psy.D.)
- Psychiatrists (M.D.)
- Psychoanalysts (M.D. or Ph.D.)
- Social Workers (M.S.W.)
- Marriage Family Therapists (M.A.)
Scientific Approach in Psychology
- Psychology is a science requiring research to support theories.
Steps of the Scientific Approach
- Choose an engaging research topic linked to societal issues or knowledge gaps.
- Results should align with existing literature, or discrepancies must be addressed with explanations and further research gaps.
Methodologies in Gathering Data
Naturalistic Observation
- Involves observing subjects in their natural environment without manipulation of the data.
- Observer bias can affect results; maintain objectivity by acknowledging preconceived notions.
- Observer effect can skew behavior; use unobtrusive observation methods to mitigate this.
Archival Research
- Analyzes existing documents, diaries, and media to derive themes and interpretations.
- Serves as an alternative method when direct data is insufficient.
Correlation Methods
- Measures relationships between variables, indicating strength and direction.
- A correlation coefficient quantifies the degree of association; positive correlations indicate variables increase together, while negative correlations show an inverse relationship.
Experimental Methods
- Involves manipulating one variable to observe its effect on another, establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
Variables in Experiments
- Independent Variable (IV): The manipulated factor.
- Dependent Variable (DV): The measured response resulting from IV manipulation.
- Operationalization defines variables to enable precise measurement.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of psychodynamic theory and its roots in Freud's work. This chapter delves into how unconscious thoughts influence our behavior and self-criticism. Understand the complexities of the mind and the role of internal conflicts in shaping our actions.
