Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of these statements is the best example of the Fundamental Attribution Error?
Which of these statements is the best example of the Fundamental Attribution Error?
- A student who aces a test attributes their success to their hard work and preparation.
- A person is late for a meeting and blames traffic, when they actually forgot to set their alarm.
- A manager who consistently performs well attributes their success to their leadership skills.
- A person who fails a test blames the difficulty of the exam, even though they didn't study enough. (correct)
Which scenario demonstrates the Self-Serving Bias?
Which scenario demonstrates the Self-Serving Bias?
- Laura believes her university is the best in the country, even though there are other highly ranked universities.
- David constantly talks about his accomplishments but never acknowledges his mistakes.
- Sarah blames her poor performance in a presentation on her lack of sleep, even though she didn't prepare well.
- Ben attributes his team's victory to their hard work and strategy, even though they got lucky on a few key plays. (correct)
Which of these statements is NOT characteristic of the Self-Serving Bias?
Which of these statements is NOT characteristic of the Self-Serving Bias?
- We are more likely to acknowledge our mistakes and learn from them than to make excuses. (correct)
- We are quicker to believe flattering descriptions of ourselves than unflattering ones.
- We tend to see ourselves as making above-average contributions to our groups.
- We are more inclined to blame external factors for our failures than internal ones.
In which scenario is an internal/dispositional attribution being made?
In which scenario is an internal/dispositional attribution being made?
Which of these BEST describes the fundamental attribution error?
Which of these BEST describes the fundamental attribution error?
Which of these scenarios exemplifies an external/situational attribution?
Which of these scenarios exemplifies an external/situational attribution?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of an external/situational attribution?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of an external/situational attribution?
Which of the following scenarios would contribute to the development of prejudice against a particular group? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following scenarios would contribute to the development of prejudice against a particular group? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following best describes the concept of ethnocentrism?
Which of the following best describes the concept of ethnocentrism?
Which of the following is an example of implicit prejudice?
Which of the following is an example of implicit prejudice?
Choose the scenario that best exemplifies the concept of discrimination.
Choose the scenario that best exemplifies the concept of discrimination.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between prejudice and discrimination?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between prejudice and discrimination?
Which of the following is an example of an 'in-group'?
Which of the following is an example of an 'in-group'?
Which of the following is an example of the 'out-group bias'?
Which of the following is an example of the 'out-group bias'?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the 'scapegoat theory'?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the 'scapegoat theory'?
Identify the term that best describes a situation where people act in their short-term self-interest which ultimately harms the group in the long run?
Identify the term that best describes a situation where people act in their short-term self-interest which ultimately harms the group in the long run?
Which of the following is a key factor contributing to attraction between individuals? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a key factor contributing to attraction between individuals? (Select all that apply)
Which type of love is characterized by intimacy and passion but lacks commitment?
Which type of love is characterized by intimacy and passion but lacks commitment?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the 'mere exposure effect'?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the 'mere exposure effect'?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of 'companionate love'?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of 'companionate love'?
Which of the following is a primary factor that influences aggressive behavior?
Which of the following is a primary factor that influences aggressive behavior?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between 'in-group bias' and 'out-group bias'?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between 'in-group bias' and 'out-group bias'?
Which of the following is NOT a component of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love?
Which of the following is NOT a component of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love?
Which situation BEST exemplifies instrumental aggression?
Which situation BEST exemplifies instrumental aggression?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases the likelihood of helping someone in an emergency situation?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases the likelihood of helping someone in an emergency situation?
Which of the following is MOST likely to reduce aggression in an individual?
Which of the following is MOST likely to reduce aggression in an individual?
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding genetic influences on aggression?
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding genetic influences on aggression?
Which of the following BEST describes the frustration-aggression principle?
Which of the following BEST describes the frustration-aggression principle?
Which of these is an example of an approach-approach conflict?
Which of these is an example of an approach-approach conflict?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that could lead to the bystander effect?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that could lead to the bystander effect?
Which of the following describes the social responsibility norm?
Which of the following describes the social responsibility norm?
Which of the following BEST exemplifies the reciprocity norm?
Which of the following BEST exemplifies the reciprocity norm?
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered altruistic behavior?
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered altruistic behavior?
Which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to encourage cooperation between groups who are in conflict?
Which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to encourage cooperation between groups who are in conflict?
Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between testosterone and aggression?
Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between testosterone and aggression?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the concept of diffusion of responsibility?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the concept of diffusion of responsibility?
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the bystander effect?
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the bystander effect?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the social exchange theory?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the social exchange theory?
Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence whether someone helps another person in need?
Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence whether someone helps another person in need?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies informational social influence?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies informational social influence?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the Just-World Hypothesis?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the Just-World Hypothesis?
Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of the False Consensus Effect?
Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of the False Consensus Effect?
In the Stanford Prison Experiment, the participants took on their assigned roles, which resulted in the "guards" becoming abusive and the "prisoners" becoming depressed or rebellious. Which psychological phenomenon best explains this behavior?
In the Stanford Prison Experiment, the participants took on their assigned roles, which resulted in the "guards" becoming abusive and the "prisoners" becoming depressed or rebellious. Which psychological phenomenon best explains this behavior?
Which of these factors is NOT likely to increase conformity?
Which of these factors is NOT likely to increase conformity?
Which of the following is the BEST example of cognitive dissonance?
Which of the following is the BEST example of cognitive dissonance?
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon?
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon?
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates normative social influence?
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates normative social influence?
Which of these statements is true about the Milgram Shock Experiment?
Which of these statements is true about the Milgram Shock Experiment?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Central Route Persuasion?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Central Route Persuasion?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of groupthink?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of groupthink?
Which of the following scenarios is an example of the Halo Effect?
Which of the following scenarios is an example of the Halo Effect?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between attitudes and actions?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between attitudes and actions?
Which of these scenarios is NOT an example of social loafing?
Which of these scenarios is NOT an example of social loafing?
Which of these factors likely contributes to "mob mentality" as seen in situations of deindividuation?
Which of these factors likely contributes to "mob mentality" as seen in situations of deindividuation?
Which of the following techniques is NOT a form of persuasive communication?
Which of the following techniques is NOT a form of persuasive communication?
Which of the following is a key difference between Central Route Persuasion and Peripheral Route Persuasion?
Which of the following is a key difference between Central Route Persuasion and Peripheral Route Persuasion?
Which of these statements best describes the impact of social facilitation on performance?
Which of these statements best describes the impact of social facilitation on performance?
Which of the following scenarios is an example of conformity?
Which of the following scenarios is an example of conformity?
Which of the following is likely to reduce the likelihood of conformity?
Which of the following is likely to reduce the likelihood of conformity?
Which of the following is a possible result of cognitive dissonance?
Which of the following is a possible result of cognitive dissonance?
Which scenario best exemplifies group polarization?
Which scenario best exemplifies group polarization?
Which of these factors is NOT a likely cause of groupthink?
Which of these factors is NOT a likely cause of groupthink?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon?
Which of the following best describes the concept of collectivism?
Which of the following best describes the concept of collectivism?
Which of the following is the MOST likely outcome of the Lowball Technique?
Which of the following is the MOST likely outcome of the Lowball Technique?
Which of these situations is LEAST likely to result in social inhibition?
Which of these situations is LEAST likely to result in social inhibition?
Which of the following situations BEST exemplifies the Halo Effect?
Which of the following situations BEST exemplifies the Halo Effect?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the effectiveness of Peripheral Route Persuasion?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the effectiveness of Peripheral Route Persuasion?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the "chameleon effect"?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the "chameleon effect"?
Which of these statements is TRUE about the relationship between conformity and obedience?
Which of these statements is TRUE about the relationship between conformity and obedience?
Which of the following statements is the MOST ACCURATE description of Cognitive Dissonance?
Which of the following statements is the MOST ACCURATE description of Cognitive Dissonance?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of ethnocentrism?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of ethnocentrism?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of discrimination?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of discrimination?
Which of the following is a primary factor that influences aggressive behavior? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a primary factor that influences aggressive behavior? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following scenarios is the BEST example of how the "Just-World Hypothesis" can contribute to victim-blaming?
Which of the following scenarios is the BEST example of how the "Just-World Hypothesis" can contribute to victim-blaming?
Which of the following situations MOST accurately illustrates the "Halo Effect"?
Which of the following situations MOST accurately illustrates the "Halo Effect"?
Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies the "Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon"?
Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies the "Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon"?
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the "False Consensus Effect"?
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the "False Consensus Effect"?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the "Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon"?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the "Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon"?
Which of the following statements is MOST ACCURATE regarding the "Central Route Persuasion"?
Which of the following statements is MOST ACCURATE regarding the "Central Route Persuasion"?
Which of the following is the BEST example of the "Lowball Technique"?
Which of the following is the BEST example of the "Lowball Technique"?
Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies "Peripheral Route Persuasion"?
Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies "Peripheral Route Persuasion"?
Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be a factor that influences conformity to group pressure?
Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be a factor that influences conformity to group pressure?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of "Central Route Persuasion"?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of "Central Route Persuasion"?
Which of the following scenarios is NOT an example of the "Halo Effect"?
Which of the following scenarios is NOT an example of the "Halo Effect"?
You notice a classmate always seems quiet and reserved in class, yet you observe them to be very talkative and outgoing during lunch. Which of the following best explains why you might assume they are naturally shy, despite seeing them act differently outside of class?
You notice a classmate always seems quiet and reserved in class, yet you observe them to be very talkative and outgoing during lunch. Which of the following best explains why you might assume they are naturally shy, despite seeing them act differently outside of class?
After scoring exceptionally well on a test, you attribute your success to your hard work and preparation. However, following a poor performance on another exam, you blame the test's ambiguity and your lack of sleep the night before. What does this demonstrate?
After scoring exceptionally well on a test, you attribute your success to your hard work and preparation. However, following a poor performance on another exam, you blame the test's ambiguity and your lack of sleep the night before. What does this demonstrate?
You are assigned a group project in college. You believe you contributed significantly more than other group members, despite everyone sharing equal responsibility for the final product. What common social psychology bias is most likely influencing your perception?
You are assigned a group project in college. You believe you contributed significantly more than other group members, despite everyone sharing equal responsibility for the final product. What common social psychology bias is most likely influencing your perception?
You meet a new coworker who seems incredibly outgoing and friendly. Later, you learn that this coworker was actually just trying to impress their boss and maintain a positive image. Which psychological concept best describes this scenario?
You meet a new coworker who seems incredibly outgoing and friendly. Later, you learn that this coworker was actually just trying to impress their boss and maintain a positive image. Which psychological concept best describes this scenario?
You are a student at a university. You are more likely to view your university’s sports team as superior to other universities' teams, even if there is no actual objective evidence to back this claim. Which social psychology bias likely contributes to this?
You are a student at a university. You are more likely to view your university’s sports team as superior to other universities' teams, even if there is no actual objective evidence to back this claim. Which social psychology bias likely contributes to this?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the Fundamental Attribution Error?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the Fundamental Attribution Error?
In a job interview, a candidate is praised for their excellent communication skills. However, after the interview, the hiring manager questions if the candidate's confidence was genuine or simply a tactic to impress. What social psychology concept could potentially be influencing the manager's skepticism?
In a job interview, a candidate is praised for their excellent communication skills. However, after the interview, the hiring manager questions if the candidate's confidence was genuine or simply a tactic to impress. What social psychology concept could potentially be influencing the manager's skepticism?
After experiencing a string of bad luck, you convince yourself that you are destined for misfortune. This belief, even though it is not supported by evidence, helps you cope with the negative emotions that accompany your misfortunes. What social psychology concept might explain this tendency to overestimate your likelihood of experiencing bad luck?
After experiencing a string of bad luck, you convince yourself that you are destined for misfortune. This belief, even though it is not supported by evidence, helps you cope with the negative emotions that accompany your misfortunes. What social psychology concept might explain this tendency to overestimate your likelihood of experiencing bad luck?
You are at a party where everyone is drinking. Even though you don't really want to, you decide to have a drink to avoid seeming like an outsider. Which social influence concept best explains your behavior?
You are at a party where everyone is drinking. Even though you don't really want to, you decide to have a drink to avoid seeming like an outsider. Which social influence concept best explains your behavior?
During a group project, you notice that some members are putting in less effort than others. This scenario is likely an example of which social phenomenon?
During a group project, you notice that some members are putting in less effort than others. This scenario is likely an example of which social phenomenon?
You are unsure which way to go at a busy intersection. You notice everyone else is turning left, so you decide to do the same. This is an example of which type of social influence?
You are unsure which way to go at a busy intersection. You notice everyone else is turning left, so you decide to do the same. This is an example of which type of social influence?
A group of friends decides to go to a movie, initially leaning towards a comedy. After discussing the options, they decide to see an action-thriller instead. This scenario exemplifies which social phenomenon?
A group of friends decides to go to a movie, initially leaning towards a comedy. After discussing the options, they decide to see an action-thriller instead. This scenario exemplifies which social phenomenon?
A research team, eager to maintain harmony and avoid conflict, fails to thoroughly examine alternative solutions to a complex problem. Their decision-making process is likely influenced by which phenomenon?
A research team, eager to maintain harmony and avoid conflict, fails to thoroughly examine alternative solutions to a complex problem. Their decision-making process is likely influenced by which phenomenon?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a culture that emphasizes individualism?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a culture that emphasizes individualism?
During a riot, individuals may engage in destructive behavior that they wouldn't normally consider. This phenomenon can be explained by which concept?
During a riot, individuals may engage in destructive behavior that they wouldn't normally consider. This phenomenon can be explained by which concept?
In which scenario is social influence MOST likely to occur?
In which scenario is social influence MOST likely to occur?
Which of these scenarios demonstrates a clear example of informational social influence?
Which of these scenarios demonstrates a clear example of informational social influence?
In the Milgram experiment, which of the following played a significant role in increasing obedience?
In the Milgram experiment, which of the following played a significant role in increasing obedience?
Which of the following scenarios is LEAST LIKELY to be influenced by normative social influence?
Which of the following scenarios is LEAST LIKELY to be influenced by normative social influence?
Imagine a group of friends are discussing politics. If their initial opinions on a particular issue are slightly divided, what is most likely to happen after a lengthy discussion?
Imagine a group of friends are discussing politics. If their initial opinions on a particular issue are slightly divided, what is most likely to happen after a lengthy discussion?
Which of these scenarios is the BEST example of the Chameleon Effect?
Which of these scenarios is the BEST example of the Chameleon Effect?
Which concept is demonstrated when someone feels empowered and emboldened to act in a way they wouldn't alone, especially when part of a large group?
Which concept is demonstrated when someone feels empowered and emboldened to act in a way they wouldn't alone, especially when part of a large group?
Which of the following is MOST likely to be influenced by the presence of others?
Which of the following is MOST likely to be influenced by the presence of others?
A man observes a robbery in progress on a crowded street, but he hesitates to intervene because he assumes others will call the police. This scenario best illustrates which psychological phenomenon?
A man observes a robbery in progress on a crowded street, but he hesitates to intervene because he assumes others will call the police. This scenario best illustrates which psychological phenomenon?
A student is trying to decide between two equally appealing colleges. This situation represents what type of conflict?
A student is trying to decide between two equally appealing colleges. This situation represents what type of conflict?
A young boy learns to act aggressively by observing his older brother's aggressive behavior. This is an example of which concept?
A young boy learns to act aggressively by observing his older brother's aggressive behavior. This is an example of which concept?
A group of students decides to volunteer at a homeless shelter on the weekend. This act is most consistent with which social norm?
A group of students decides to volunteer at a homeless shelter on the weekend. This act is most consistent with which social norm?
According to the frustration-aggression principle, which of these scenarios is MOST likely to lead to aggression?
According to the frustration-aggression principle, which of these scenarios is MOST likely to lead to aggression?
In a study, researchers find that men who have high levels of testosterone are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior. This finding supports which of the following influences on aggression?
In a study, researchers find that men who have high levels of testosterone are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior. This finding supports which of the following influences on aggression?
A person is more likely to help someone who appears to be in need and deserves help. Which of these factors explains this tendency?
A person is more likely to help someone who appears to be in need and deserves help. Which of these factors explains this tendency?
A student is deciding whether to go to a party or stay home and study. This decision best illustrates what type of conflict?
A student is deciding whether to go to a party or stay home and study. This decision best illustrates what type of conflict?
A research team is studying the impact of stress on aggression. They find that participants who are exposed to stressful situations are more likely to behave aggressively than those who aren't. What is the most likely explanation for this finding?
A research team is studying the impact of stress on aggression. They find that participants who are exposed to stressful situations are more likely to behave aggressively than those who aren't. What is the most likely explanation for this finding?
Two rival gangs decide to work together to create a community garden for local residents. This is an example of which concept?
Two rival gangs decide to work together to create a community garden for local residents. This is an example of which concept?
A woman is driving on a highway when she sees a car that has crashed into a ditch. She stops to help the driver, even though it will delay her arrival at her important meeting. Which of the following factors is most likely influencing her decision to help?
A woman is driving on a highway when she sees a car that has crashed into a ditch. She stops to help the driver, even though it will delay her arrival at her important meeting. Which of the following factors is most likely influencing her decision to help?
Which of these situations is an example of the BYSTANDER EFFECT?
Which of these situations is an example of the BYSTANDER EFFECT?
Which of these is NOT a factor that increases the likelihood of helping someone?
Which of these is NOT a factor that increases the likelihood of helping someone?
Which of the following is the MOST likely explanation for the Bystander Effect?
Which of the following is the MOST likely explanation for the Bystander Effect?
Which of these situations BEST reflects the principle of SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY?
Which of these situations BEST reflects the principle of SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY?
A person who regularly engages in acts of helping others, even when there is no personal gain or reward, is demonstrating which concept?
A person who regularly engages in acts of helping others, even when there is no personal gain or reward, is demonstrating which concept?
A student is struggling in their math class, causing them a lot of stress. They are considering dropping the class, but they also know that the teacher is exceptionally strict and they are afraid of the consequences of dropping. Which type of conflict does this scenario BEST represent?
A student is struggling in their math class, causing them a lot of stress. They are considering dropping the class, but they also know that the teacher is exceptionally strict and they are afraid of the consequences of dropping. Which type of conflict does this scenario BEST represent?
Which of these situations would MOST likely demonstrate the bystander effect?
Which of these situations would MOST likely demonstrate the bystander effect?
Which of these is an example of how the social responsibility norm might influence a person's behavior?
Which of these is an example of how the social responsibility norm might influence a person's behavior?
Two rival gangs agree to participate in a community service project together to help clean up a local park. This is an example of which conflict resolution strategy?
Two rival gangs agree to participate in a community service project together to help clean up a local park. This is an example of which conflict resolution strategy?
In which of the following scenarios would a person be MOST likely to offer help to a stranger?
In which of the following scenarios would a person be MOST likely to offer help to a stranger?
When interpreting a student who often speaks up in class, we are prone to overestimate their extroverted personality and underestimate potential external factors like a desire to impress the teacher. What concept describes this tendency?
When interpreting a student who often speaks up in class, we are prone to overestimate their extroverted personality and underestimate potential external factors like a desire to impress the teacher. What concept describes this tendency?
You ace a challenging exam. Attributing this success to your hard work and intelligence exemplifies which psychological concept?
You ace a challenging exam. Attributing this success to your hard work and intelligence exemplifies which psychological concept?
A person blames their failure on a difficult exam, while attributing their classmate's success to their inherent intelligence. Which concept BEST aligns with this behavior?
A person blames their failure on a difficult exam, while attributing their classmate's success to their inherent intelligence. Which concept BEST aligns with this behavior?
Joe, a talented musician, fails an audition. He attributes his failure to the unfair judges and the complexity of the piece. Which concept is MOST relevant to Joe's explanation?
Joe, a talented musician, fails an audition. He attributes his failure to the unfair judges and the complexity of the piece. Which concept is MOST relevant to Joe's explanation?
A student consistently gets low grades in Math. They begin to believe they are inherently bad at math. Which concept is MOST closely related to this belief?
A student consistently gets low grades in Math. They begin to believe they are inherently bad at math. Which concept is MOST closely related to this belief?
A manager attributes an employee's poor performance to their lack of effort, rather than considering potential situational factors like increased workload or a recent personal issue. This BEST exemplifies which concept?
A manager attributes an employee's poor performance to their lack of effort, rather than considering potential situational factors like increased workload or a recent personal issue. This BEST exemplifies which concept?
A student consistently misses deadlines but justifies it by claiming they have a demanding schedule. However, they criticize their classmate for missing deadlines because of their supposed laziness. This attitude BEST exemplifies which concept?
A student consistently misses deadlines but justifies it by claiming they have a demanding schedule. However, they criticize their classmate for missing deadlines because of their supposed laziness. This attitude BEST exemplifies which concept?
A sports team attributes their victory to their superior skill and training. However, they blame their defeat on bad luck or the referee's unfair calls. Which concept MOST clearly describes this behavior?
A sports team attributes their victory to their superior skill and training. However, they blame their defeat on bad luck or the referee's unfair calls. Which concept MOST clearly describes this behavior?
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the 'scapegoat theory' in action?
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the 'scapegoat theory' in action?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between prejudice and discrimination?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between prejudice and discrimination?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the concept of 'in-group bias'?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the concept of 'in-group bias'?
Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of the 'mere exposure effect'?
Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of the 'mere exposure effect'?
You are trying to convince a friend to vote for a specific candidate in an upcoming election. You present them with a series of detailed arguments, evidence from reputable sources, and logical reasoning to support your position. Which persuasion route are you most likely using?
You are trying to convince a friend to vote for a specific candidate in an upcoming election. You present them with a series of detailed arguments, evidence from reputable sources, and logical reasoning to support your position. Which persuasion route are you most likely using?
In a study, participants were asked to rate the attractiveness of a person based on a photo. They were then asked to rate the same person's intelligence, sense of humor, and overall personality. The results showed a strong positive correlation between the ratings of attractiveness and the other traits. This phenomenon is best explained by:
In a study, participants were asked to rate the attractiveness of a person based on a photo. They were then asked to rate the same person's intelligence, sense of humor, and overall personality. The results showed a strong positive correlation between the ratings of attractiveness and the other traits. This phenomenon is best explained by:
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between 'in-group bias' and 'out-group bias'?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between 'in-group bias' and 'out-group bias'?
A salesperson offers a customer a very low price on a new car, only to reveal 'hidden fees' and additional costs later in the purchasing process. Which persuasion technique is this salesperson using?
A salesperson offers a customer a very low price on a new car, only to reveal 'hidden fees' and additional costs later in the purchasing process. Which persuasion technique is this salesperson using?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the 'out-group bias'?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the 'out-group bias'?
A student who strongly believes in the importance of environmental protection decides to start recycling consistently. However, they still enjoy drinking from disposable plastic water bottles. The discomfort they feel due to this inconsistency is best explained by which psychological phenomenon?
A student who strongly believes in the importance of environmental protection decides to start recycling consistently. However, they still enjoy drinking from disposable plastic water bottles. The discomfort they feel due to this inconsistency is best explained by which psychological phenomenon?
You are a volunteer at an animal shelter. You observe that many people who come to adopt animals are drawn to the cute and cuddly puppies and kittens, often overlooking the older, less appealing animals. This tendency is likely due to:
You are a volunteer at an animal shelter. You observe that many people who come to adopt animals are drawn to the cute and cuddly puppies and kittens, often overlooking the older, less appealing animals. This tendency is likely due to:
You are working on a group project and notice that even though your teammate frequently forgets deadlines and makes mistakes, you tend to attribute these shortcomings to external factors like stress and lack of sleep rather than to their inherent incompetence. This tendency to focus on external factors is a potential example of:
You are working on a group project and notice that even though your teammate frequently forgets deadlines and makes mistakes, you tend to attribute these shortcomings to external factors like stress and lack of sleep rather than to their inherent incompetence. This tendency to focus on external factors is a potential example of:
A researcher is studying the impact of social media on self-esteem. They find that individuals who spend more time on social media are more likely to compare themselves unfavorably to others, leading to feelings of inadequacy. This research supports the concept of:
A researcher is studying the impact of social media on self-esteem. They find that individuals who spend more time on social media are more likely to compare themselves unfavorably to others, leading to feelings of inadequacy. This research supports the concept of:
Imagine you are running a fundraising campaign for a local charity. You initially ask donors for a large, unrealistic amount of money, knowing they will likely refuse. You then follow up by asking for a smaller, more reasonable amount. This strategy is an example of which persuasion technique?
Imagine you are running a fundraising campaign for a local charity. You initially ask donors for a large, unrealistic amount of money, knowing they will likely refuse. You then follow up by asking for a smaller, more reasonable amount. This strategy is an example of which persuasion technique?
An advertisement for a new energy drink features an attractive celebrity endorsing the product. The ad relies heavily on imagery and emotional appeals rather than providing detailed information about the product's ingredients or benefits. This advertising strategy is a clear example of:
An advertisement for a new energy drink features an attractive celebrity endorsing the product. The ad relies heavily on imagery and emotional appeals rather than providing detailed information about the product's ingredients or benefits. This advertising strategy is a clear example of:
A student who strongly supports the legalization of marijuana begins to question their beliefs after witnessing the negative impacts of marijuana use on a close friend. This shift in the student's attitude is likely driven by:
A student who strongly supports the legalization of marijuana begins to question their beliefs after witnessing the negative impacts of marijuana use on a close friend. This shift in the student's attitude is likely driven by:
Which option BEST represents the concept of deindividuation as it might be observed in a large crowd during a riot?
Which option BEST represents the concept of deindividuation as it might be observed in a large crowd during a riot?
Which of the following scenarios BEST reflects the concept of informational social influence?
Which of the following scenarios BEST reflects the concept of informational social influence?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of 'social loafing'?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of 'social loafing'?
Which of the following exemplifies the concept of obedience to authority as demonstrated by the Milgram Shock Experiment?
Which of the following exemplifies the concept of obedience to authority as demonstrated by the Milgram Shock Experiment?
Which of the following situations BEST demonstrates the concept of 'group polarization'?
Which of the following situations BEST demonstrates the concept of 'group polarization'?
In which situation is a person most likely to conform to the behavior of a group?
In which situation is a person most likely to conform to the behavior of a group?
Which of these is a likely outcome of conforming to normative social influence?
Which of these is a likely outcome of conforming to normative social influence?
Which of the following scenarios BEST depicts the concept of 'groupthink'?
Which of the following scenarios BEST depicts the concept of 'groupthink'?
Consider the following scenarios: (A) You attend a sporting event and cheer louder than you would alone. (B) You perform better on a public speaking assignment when a few familiar faces are in the audience. Which of these BEST exemplifies social facilitation?
Consider the following scenarios: (A) You attend a sporting event and cheer louder than you would alone. (B) You perform better on a public speaking assignment when a few familiar faces are in the audience. Which of these BEST exemplifies social facilitation?
The concept of 'deindividuation' is MOST closely related to which of the following psychological concepts?
The concept of 'deindividuation' is MOST closely related to which of the following psychological concepts?
A study finds that individuals who are exposed to aversive stimuli, such as loud noises, are more likely to exhibit aggression towards others. Which concept best explains this finding?
A study finds that individuals who are exposed to aversive stimuli, such as loud noises, are more likely to exhibit aggression towards others. Which concept best explains this finding?
A group of friends are deciding where to go for dinner. One friend suggests a fancy restaurant, while another suggests a casual pizza place. Both options seem equally appealing, but they can't agree. This scenario best exemplifies which type of conflict?
A group of friends are deciding where to go for dinner. One friend suggests a fancy restaurant, while another suggests a casual pizza place. Both options seem equally appealing, but they can't agree. This scenario best exemplifies which type of conflict?
A group of bystanders witnesses a car accident. Several people stop to help the injured driver, while others simply stand by and watch. Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to have influenced the bystanders' decision to help?
A group of bystanders witnesses a car accident. Several people stop to help the injured driver, while others simply stand by and watch. Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to have influenced the bystanders' decision to help?
A study finds that individuals who are high in testosterone are more likely to exhibit aggression than those with lower testosterone levels. Which of the following explanations for this finding is LEAST likely to be supported by the information provided in the text?
A study finds that individuals who are high in testosterone are more likely to exhibit aggression than those with lower testosterone levels. Which of the following explanations for this finding is LEAST likely to be supported by the information provided in the text?
A man is walking home late at night when he encounters a stranger who appears lost and asks for directions. He stops to help, even though it means deviating from his route and taking a bit longer to get home. Which of the following concepts BEST explains this man's decision to help?
A man is walking home late at night when he encounters a stranger who appears lost and asks for directions. He stops to help, even though it means deviating from his route and taking a bit longer to get home. Which of the following concepts BEST explains this man's decision to help?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the scapegoat theory?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the scapegoat theory?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of implicit prejudice?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of implicit prejudice?
A person who holds explicit prejudices against a specific group is likely to:
A person who holds explicit prejudices against a specific group is likely to:
According to the "mere exposure effect", how does familiarity influence attraction?
According to the "mere exposure effect", how does familiarity influence attraction?
Which of the following is NOT a key factor that contributes to the development of passionate love?
Which of the following is NOT a key factor that contributes to the development of passionate love?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of a social trap?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of a social trap?
In which case would similarity LEAST LIKELY be a significant factor in attraction?
In which case would similarity LEAST LIKELY be a significant factor in attraction?
Which of the following is a key difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Which of the following is a key difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the out-group bias?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the out-group bias?
If a person attributes their success at a job interview to their own skills and preparation, but blames their failure at another interview on the interviewer's bias, this is best described as an example of:
If a person attributes their success at a job interview to their own skills and preparation, but blames their failure at another interview on the interviewer's bias, this is best described as an example of:
A student who consistently gets low grades in a class assumes the teacher is a bad educator, rather than considering their own study habits or effort. This is a classic example of:
A student who consistently gets low grades in a class assumes the teacher is a bad educator, rather than considering their own study habits or effort. This is a classic example of:
A student who fails a test attributes their failure to the test's unfair difficulty, rather than acknowledging their lack of preparation. This behavior exemplifies:
A student who fails a test attributes their failure to the test's unfair difficulty, rather than acknowledging their lack of preparation. This behavior exemplifies:
A person believes that a successful entrepreneur's success is solely due to their intelligence and hard work, ignoring possible external factors like family wealth or connections that may have contributed. This is an example of:
A person believes that a successful entrepreneur's success is solely due to their intelligence and hard work, ignoring possible external factors like family wealth or connections that may have contributed. This is an example of:
When we are evaluating our own behavior, we tend to attribute our successes to our skills and efforts, but our failures to external factors beyond our control. This tendency is known as:
When we are evaluating our own behavior, we tend to attribute our successes to our skills and efforts, but our failures to external factors beyond our control. This tendency is known as:
Which of these statements BEST reflects the concept of the Fundamental Attribution Error?
Which of these statements BEST reflects the concept of the Fundamental Attribution Error?
Which scenario demonstrates a possible application of the Self-Serving Bias?
Which scenario demonstrates a possible application of the Self-Serving Bias?
Which of the following statements accurately contrasts the Fundamental Attribution Error with the Self-Serving Bias?
Which of the following statements accurately contrasts the Fundamental Attribution Error with the Self-Serving Bias?
Which of these examples BEST illustrates how the Chameleon Effect can impact conformity?
Which of these examples BEST illustrates how the Chameleon Effect can impact conformity?
In the context of conformity, which of the following scenarios most closely resembles informational social influence?
In the context of conformity, which of the following scenarios most closely resembles informational social influence?
Which scenario BEST exemplifies the concept of group polarization?
Which scenario BEST exemplifies the concept of group polarization?
Which of these statements BEST articulates why deindividuation can lead to impulsive or deviant behavior?
Which of these statements BEST articulates why deindividuation can lead to impulsive or deviant behavior?
Which of the following concepts BEST explains why a home team might have an advantage in a sporting event?
Which of the following concepts BEST explains why a home team might have an advantage in a sporting event?
Which of these scenarios is MOST LIKELY to cause social inhibition, rather than social facilitation?
Which of these scenarios is MOST LIKELY to cause social inhibition, rather than social facilitation?
Which of the following situations is the BEST example of an individualistic culture?
Which of the following situations is the BEST example of an individualistic culture?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the concept of groupthink?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the concept of groupthink?
Which of these is NOT a likely result of the Just-World Hypothesis?
Which of these is NOT a likely result of the Just-World Hypothesis?
Which of these scenarios demonstrates the Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon?
Which of these scenarios demonstrates the Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon?
Which of the following BEST exemplifies the relationship between Cognitive Dissonance and the actions we take?
Which of the following BEST exemplifies the relationship between Cognitive Dissonance and the actions we take?
The statement 'We often change our thinking to become more in line with our actions' is a core concept of which psychological phenomenon?
The statement 'We often change our thinking to become more in line with our actions' is a core concept of which psychological phenomenon?
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of the Peripheral Route Persuasion?
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of the Peripheral Route Persuasion?
Which of the following is NOT a condition that typically leads to Central Route Persuasion?
Which of the following is NOT a condition that typically leads to Central Route Persuasion?
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the False Consensus Effect?
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the False Consensus Effect?
When deciding to use Central Route Persuasion, which of these scenarios would it be MOST effective in?
When deciding to use Central Route Persuasion, which of these scenarios would it be MOST effective in?
Which of these is NOT an example of how our actions can affect our attitudes?
Which of these is NOT an example of how our actions can affect our attitudes?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the concept of instrumental aggression?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the concept of instrumental aggression?
According to the information provided, which of the following is LEAST likely to influence whether someone helps another person in need?
According to the information provided, which of the following is LEAST likely to influence whether someone helps another person in need?
A student consistently performs poorly on tests despite studying diligently. They attribute this to a challenging curriculum and unfair grading practices. Which attribution bias is likely at play here?
A student consistently performs poorly on tests despite studying diligently. They attribute this to a challenging curriculum and unfair grading practices. Which attribution bias is likely at play here?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between testosterone and aggression?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between testosterone and aggression?
A manager observes a new employee arriving late to work and assumes it's due to laziness rather than considering potential traffic delays. This exemplifies which concept?
A manager observes a new employee arriving late to work and assumes it's due to laziness rather than considering potential traffic delays. This exemplifies which concept?
After winning a lottery, a person attributes their success to their lucky streak and intuition, rather than acknowledging the element of chance. This demonstrates which bias?
After winning a lottery, a person attributes their success to their lucky streak and intuition, rather than acknowledging the element of chance. This demonstrates which bias?
An athlete underperforms in a major competition. They rationalize their poor performance by claiming inadequate training facilities and a lack of support from their coach. Which bias is likely at play here?
An athlete underperforms in a major competition. They rationalize their poor performance by claiming inadequate training facilities and a lack of support from their coach. Which bias is likely at play here?
A student struggles to grasp a new concept in class. The instructor attributes this to the student's inadequate preparation and lack of effort, overlooking the possibility of the student's learning style differing from the teaching approach. This is an example of:
A student struggles to grasp a new concept in class. The instructor attributes this to the student's inadequate preparation and lack of effort, overlooking the possibility of the student's learning style differing from the teaching approach. This is an example of:
Two friends observe a stranger being rude to a cashier. Friend A attributes the stranger's rudeness to being in a bad mood, while Friend B believes the stranger is simply a rude person. This illustrates a difference in:
Two friends observe a stranger being rude to a cashier. Friend A attributes the stranger's rudeness to being in a bad mood, while Friend B believes the stranger is simply a rude person. This illustrates a difference in:
A company CEO attributes the company's recent success to their strategic leadership and vision, while overlooking the positive market trends and loyal customer base. This is an example of:
A company CEO attributes the company's recent success to their strategic leadership and vision, while overlooking the positive market trends and loyal customer base. This is an example of:
A student receives a low grade on an exam and blames the difficult questions and their teacher's unclear instructions. This is a common example of:
A student receives a low grade on an exam and blames the difficult questions and their teacher's unclear instructions. This is a common example of:
Which of the following scenarios is the BEST example of the Just-World Hypothesis?
Which of the following scenarios is the BEST example of the Just-World Hypothesis?
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon?
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon?
Which of the following situations best exemplifies the concept of 'deindividuation' as described in the content?
Which of the following situations best exemplifies the concept of 'deindividuation' as described in the content?
Which of the following demonstrates the concept of 'informational social influence' as described in the text provided?
Which of the following demonstrates the concept of 'informational social influence' as described in the text provided?
Which scenario BEST illustrates the concept of 'groupthink' as described in the provided text?
Which scenario BEST illustrates the concept of 'groupthink' as described in the provided text?
Based on the provided text, which factor is LEAST likely to increase conformity in a group setting?
Based on the provided text, which factor is LEAST likely to increase conformity in a group setting?
According to the provided text, which of the following situations is most likely to lead to 'social loafing'?
According to the provided text, which of the following situations is most likely to lead to 'social loafing'?
Based on the information provided, which of the following scenarios BEST demonstrates the 'Chameleon Effect'?
Based on the information provided, which of the following scenarios BEST demonstrates the 'Chameleon Effect'?
Which of the following statements BEST reflects the concept of 'Group Polarization' as discussed in the text?
Which of the following statements BEST reflects the concept of 'Group Polarization' as discussed in the text?
Which of the following situations exemplifies the concept of 'social facilitation' as explained in the text?
Which of the following situations exemplifies the concept of 'social facilitation' as explained in the text?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates 'normative social influence' as described in the text?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates 'normative social influence' as described in the text?
Which of the following situations BEST exemplifies the concept of 'obedience' as it is defined in the provided text?
Which of the following situations BEST exemplifies the concept of 'obedience' as it is defined in the provided text?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the concept of implicit prejudice?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the concept of implicit prejudice?
Consider the following scenario: A group of friends decides to go on a camping trip, but they disagree on the best route to take. Each friend argues for their preferred route, ultimately leading to a heated argument and the group not being able to decide. Which of the following psychological phenomena best explains this situation?
Consider the following scenario: A group of friends decides to go on a camping trip, but they disagree on the best route to take. Each friend argues for their preferred route, ultimately leading to a heated argument and the group not being able to decide. Which of the following psychological phenomena best explains this situation?
Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies the concept of the 'mere exposure effect'?
Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies the concept of the 'mere exposure effect'?
Which of the following situations BEST exemplifies instrumental aggression?
Which of the following situations BEST exemplifies instrumental aggression?
In a research study that presented people with fake resumes, bosses were less likely to select people with ethnic names even if they were more qualified for the job. This scenario best demonstrates which of the following?
In a research study that presented people with fake resumes, bosses were less likely to select people with ethnic names even if they were more qualified for the job. This scenario best demonstrates which of the following?
Flashcards
Social Psychology
Social Psychology
The study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others and culture.
Attribution Theory
Attribution Theory
Explains how people interpret the causes of behavior and events in themselves and others.
Internal Attribution
Internal Attribution
Attribute behavior to internal characteristics like personality or motives.
External Attribution
External Attribution
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Fundamental Attribution Error
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Self-Serving Bias
Self-Serving Bias
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Inflated Confidence
Inflated Confidence
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Group Superiority
Group Superiority
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Conformity
Conformity
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The Solomon Asch Experiment
The Solomon Asch Experiment
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Normative Social Influence
Normative Social Influence
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Informational Social Influence
Informational Social Influence
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Obedience
Obedience
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Stanford Prison Experiment
Stanford Prison Experiment
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Deindividuation
Deindividuation
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Social Loafing
Social Loafing
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Social Facilitation
Social Facilitation
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Social Inhibition
Social Inhibition
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Group Polarization
Group Polarization
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Groupthink
Groupthink
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Culture
Culture
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Individualism
Individualism
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Collectivism
Collectivism
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False Consensus Effect
False Consensus Effect
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Just-World Hypothesis
Just-World Hypothesis
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Halo Effect
Halo Effect
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Attitudes
Attitudes
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Actions Affect Attitudes
Actions Affect Attitudes
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Central Route Persuasion
Central Route Persuasion
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Peripheral Route Persuasion
Peripheral Route Persuasion
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Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance
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Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
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Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon
Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon
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Lowball Technique
Lowball Technique
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Attitudes Affect Actions
Attitudes Affect Actions
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Victim-Blaming
Victim-Blaming
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Inconsistent Beliefs
Inconsistent Beliefs
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Prejudice
Prejudice
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Stereotypes
Stereotypes
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Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism
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Implicit Prejudice
Implicit Prejudice
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Explicit Prejudice
Explicit Prejudice
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Discrimination
Discrimination
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In-Group
In-Group
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Out-Group
Out-Group
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In-Group Bias
In-Group Bias
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Out-Group Bias
Out-Group Bias
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Scapegoat Theory
Scapegoat Theory
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Social Trap
Social Trap
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Proximity
Proximity
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Similarity
Similarity
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Sternberg’s Three Components of Love
Sternberg’s Three Components of Love
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Hostile Aggression
Hostile Aggression
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Instrumental Aggression
Instrumental Aggression
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Genetic Influences on Aggression
Genetic Influences on Aggression
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Neural Influences on Aggression
Neural Influences on Aggression
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Biochemical Influences on Aggression
Biochemical Influences on Aggression
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Frustration-Aggression Principle
Frustration-Aggression Principle
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Aversive Events
Aversive Events
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Bystander Effect
Bystander Effect
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Diffusion of Responsibility
Diffusion of Responsibility
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Social Exchange Theory
Social Exchange Theory
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Reciprocity Norm
Reciprocity Norm
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Social Responsibility Norm
Social Responsibility Norm
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Superordinate Goals
Superordinate Goals
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Altruism
Altruism
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Models of Aggression
Models of Aggression
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Internal Attribution Example
Internal Attribution Example
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External Attribution Example
External Attribution Example
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Self-Enhancing Memory
Self-Enhancing Memory
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Group Superiority Bias
Group Superiority Bias
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Inflated Confidence Belief
Inflated Confidence Belief
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Perceived Internal Factors
Perceived Internal Factors
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Justification of Effort
Justification of Effort
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Social Influence
Social Influence
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Chameleon Effect
Chameleon Effect
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Solomon Asch Experiment
Solomon Asch Experiment
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Mob Mentality
Mob Mentality
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Cultural Transmission
Cultural Transmission
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Conflict Types
Conflict Types
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Internal / Dispositional Attribution
Internal / Dispositional Attribution
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External / Situational Attribution
External / Situational Attribution
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Reciprocity
Reciprocity
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Self-Reflection
Self-Reflection
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External Attribution Impact
External Attribution Impact
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Self-Serving Bias in Success
Self-Serving Bias in Success
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Self-Serving Bias in Group Identity
Self-Serving Bias in Group Identity
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Self-Reflection Importance
Self-Reflection Importance
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Causal Attributions
Causal Attributions
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Attribution Theory's Role
Attribution Theory's Role
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Study Notes
Attribution Theory
- Understanding how people explain behavior and events
- Internal/Dispositional Attribution: Explaining behavior based on internal traits (personality, motives, beliefs). Attributing behavior to a person's characteristics. Example: Juliette rarely speaks, assumed to be shy; Jack talks non-stop, assumed to be outgoing. In this example, shyness and outgoingness are inferred internal traits.
- External/Situational Attribution: Explaining behavior based on outside factors (circumstances, events). Juliette withdrawn due to personal struggles, maybe bullying, or shyness around unfamiliar people. External causes are more closely linked to external factors.
- Fundamental Attribution Error: Overestimating internal factors, underestimating situational factors when judging others. Overestimate internal/dispositional factors and underestimate external/situational factors when judging others. This error more often occurs when judging other people.
Self-Serving Bias
- Attributing success to personal qualities, failure to external factors for self-enhancement. This is the opposite of the fundamental attribution error. Preserving self-esteem, justifying past actions for self-enhancement, inflated confidence in beliefs and judgments, overestimating our own positive contributions to groups, quicker to accept flattering descriptions of ourselves than unflattering ones. It helps maintain a positive self-image. Preserving self-esteem in oneself is a key component.
- Justifying past actions, inflated confidence, overestimating positive contributions to groups, seeing ourselves as better than average, viewing our group, school, country, etc., as superior to others.
False Consensus Effect
- Overestimating the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. Our beliefs and habits seem normal, so we assume they are normal for others too. We want to view our own thoughts as appropriate, normal, and correct. People often assume those who disagree are flawed. Recognizing differences in beliefs and lifestyles is important.
Just-World Hypothesis
- Belief that the world is just (fair) and people get what they deserve. We are socialized to believe that good is rewarded and evil punished and want to believe we live in a world that is fair and predictable. This can lead to victim blaming. Can lead to victim-blaming. Victims of sexual assault are often blamed for what happened to them: "They shouldn't have been out alone that late at night," "They shouldn't have been wearing revealing clothing," or "They shouldn't have been drinking."
Halo Effect
- Positive impressions in one area lead to positive impressions generally. Letting one trait affect overall perception of a person. Can lead to flawed perceptions and disappointment if the person does not live up to our biased view. It's a form of bias.
Attitudes
- Attitudes influence reactions to objects, people, and events. Attitudes affect actions, and actions affect attitudes; the way we think about things shapes how we react. Attitudes follow behavior. What we actually do impacts what we believe.
Actions Affect Attitudes
- Justifying behaviors to maintain a positive self-image. Changing beliefs to align with actions.
Attitudes Affect Actions
- Attitudes toward a person, situation, or idea affect how we react.
Central Route Persuasion
- Logic-driven, uses data and facts. Requires audience engagement and careful consideration of the argument. Leads to long-lasting attitude change. Requires the audience's engagement, careful consideration of the argument, and elaborate reasoning. This is more effective when the person has a lot of interest in the topic, sees the issue as relevant to them, and has time to focus on the argument. For example, when convincing someone about a political issue, present facts and logic.
Peripheral Route Persuasion
- Evaluating arguments based on surface-level cues (attractiveness, endorsements). Requires less elaboration and processing. Less permanent attitude change. Occurs through superficial cues rather than logical arguments, typically generating less enduring attitude change. This is more effective when a person isn't very interested in the topic, has low understanding, doesn't see the issue as relevant, or lacks time to think. For example, when convincing someone, use emotional appeals or endorsements from famous people.
Cognitive Dissonance
- Discomfort from inconsistent beliefs, attitudes, or actions. To reduce discomfort, we change either our actions or our beliefs to align them. This could lead to rationalization or choosing actions or beliefs that reduce this dissonance. Changing actions or beliefs to alleviate dissonance.
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
- Complying with a small request increases likelihood of complying with a larger request.
Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon
- Denying a large request makes a smaller request seem more attractive.
Lowball Technique
- Attracting with an initial attractive offer, then making terms less favorable.
Conformity
- Changing behavior/opinions due to real or imagined social pressure
- Fundamental to survival and reproduction. Examples include the chameleon effect (mimicking others) and how contagious behavior can be.
- We are more likely to conform when we lack confidence or are insecure, are in a group with at least three people, everyone in the group agrees, admire the group's status/attractiveness, have not made a prior commitment, know others are observing, and are in a culture that values social norms/respect.
Solomon Asch Experiment
- Demonstrated conformity to a majority group's incorrect answers.
Normative Social Influence
- Conforming to fit in and avoid rejection or social disapproval. Examples include following trends and avoiding appearing foolish.
Informational Social Influence
- Conforming to be correct, following others perceived as informed. Examples include following a crowd in an unfamiliar situation.
Obedience
- Following orders, typically from an authority figure. We are more likely to obey when the person giving the orders is in close proximity and is perceived to be a legitimate authority figure; the authority figure is supported by a prestigious institution; the victim was depersonalized or at a distance, even in another room; and there were no role models for defiance.
Stanford Prison Experiment
- Participants took on assigned roles (guard/prisoner) too intensely; highlighting the power of social roles. Participants took on roles too well, resulting in abuse of power. Original plan for two weeks, shortened to two days due to intensity. College-age males deemed physically and psychologically fit participated in a prison simulation where half were guards and half were prisoners; the experiment aimed at observing participant assimilation to their assigned roles. The guards' conduct led to abuse, while prisoners experienced depression or rebellion. The experiment was shortened from two weeks to two days.
Deindividuation
- Reduced self-awareness and restraint in groups; loss of individual identity. This explains "mob mentality;" reduced accountability for actions in a crowd.
Social Loafing
- Reduced effort in a group vs. working alone due to decreased accountability.
Social Facilitation
- Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others (home team advantage).
Social Inhibition/Impairment
- Reduced performance on difficult tasks in the presence of others due to nervousness and physiological arousal. The presence of others increases physiological arousal (body becomes more energized). This makes simple tasks easier but inhibits performance on difficult tasks.
Group Polarization
- Strengthening of initial group beliefs through discussion with like-minded individuals. Group decisions are often more extreme than individual decisions. Group members often reinforce and strengthen existing opinions through discussion. This strengthens group members' opinions and group decisions tend to be more extreme than individual decisions. Regardless of the initial leaning of the group, discussion tends to increase that leaning.
Groupthink
- Defective decision-making in cohesive groups due to avoidance of conflict and consensus-seeking. Maintaining group cohesiveness is more important than challenging the dominant view. Maintaining group cohesiveness is more important than challenging the dominant view. People often don't want to challenge what they perceive to be the group consensus; people might come to doubt their own judgments.
Culture
- Behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values shared within a group, transmitted across generations.
Individualism
- Prioritizing individual goals, personal identity (e.g., North America, Western Europe, Australia/New Zealand).
Collectivism
- Prioritizing group goals, group identity (e.g., Asia, Africa, Central/South America).
Prejudice
- Unjustifiable negative attitude toward a group and its members. Stereotypes: generalized beliefs about groups (often exaggerated), overgeneralized assumptions. Ethnocentrism: judging other cultures based on one's own cultural standards. This occurs when people view their own culture as superior and see others as inferior/bizarre.
Implicit Prejudice
- Unconscious negative attitudes toward a particular group. Implicit bias, or implicit prejudice, is when people hold unconsciously negative attitudes towards or biases against a particular group. This bias isn't intentional, and the person may not be aware of it.
Explicit Prejudice
- Conscious negative attitudes, even if not expressed publicly.
Discrimination
- Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group. Refusing to hire a woman for a job because you don’t think she’s as capable as a man. An example is not paying teenagers as much as adults for the same work.
Groups
- In-groups: "Us"; Out-groups: "Them"
- In-group bias; Out-group bias. The world is often divided into us and them. This can be a reason for conflicts and prejudice but also bonding in groups.
- In-Group: “Us”
- Out-Group: “Them”
Negative Emotions
- Negative emotions nourish prejudice and heighten ingroup loyalty. Clinging to ingroups/beliefs during hardship is an example. Scapegoat theory: blaming others for problems. When facing death, fearing threats, or experiencing frustration, people cling more tightly to their ingroup and their friends. As fears of terrorism heighten patriotism, they also produce loathing and aggression toward “them”—those who threaten our world. The scapegoat theory suggests that when things go wrong, finding someone to blame can provide a target for negative emotions.
Conflict and Peace-Making
- Social trap: short-term individual gains leading to long-term losses for the group. Commercial fishermen catching large amounts of fish may profit in the short term, but threaten fish populations and long-term food resources. Social traps challenge us to balance our self-interest and our responsibility for the well-being of all.
Attraction
- Proximity: Familiarity breeds liking. Mere exposure effect: the tendency to like or prefer something that is familiar.
- Similarity: Liking those who are similar.
- Reciprocity: Liking those who like us (a mutual like).
- Physical Attractiveness: People tend to like those whom they find physically attractive, tending to perceive attractive people as more skilled, happy, sensitive, more successful, more intelligent, and more socially skilled.
Sternberg's Three Components of Love
- Intimacy, Passion, Commitment
- Different types of love (passionate, companionate, consummate). Over time, passionate love decreases, and companionate love increases.
Aggression
- Hostile aggression (intent to harm); Instrumental aggression (achieving a goal).
- Genetic, neural, biochemical influences on aggression
- Aversive events and reinforcement/modeling influence aggression. Aggression is any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. Aggressive behavior stems from the interaction of biology and experience.
Altruism
- Unselfish behavior benefiting others
Bystander Effect
- Reduced likelihood of helping in the presence of others (diffusion of responsibility). The more people present, the less likely someone is to help.
- Factors increasing likelihood of helping: need/deservingness of help; similarity; female victim; observing others being helpful; not being in a rush; rural areas; feeling guilt; focus on others; good mood.
Social Exchange Theory
- Weighing costs and benefits of helping
Social Norms
- Reciprocity norm: returning favors
- Social responsibility norm: helping others in need
Conflict Resolution
- Superordinate goals: shared goals requiring cooperation. To get enemies to work together, help them find a common enemy or challenge. After 9/11, we weren't Republicans and Democrats, we were Americans.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key psychological concepts such as the Fundamental Attribution Error and Self-Serving Bias. This quiz will challenge your understanding of attributions and their implications on prejudice and discrimination. Explore various scenarios to identify these concepts in action.
