Psychology Chapter on Memory and Neurotransmitters
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Psychology Chapter on Memory and Neurotransmitters

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Questions and Answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with depression due to low levels?

  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin (correct)
  • Acetylcholine

    • What is the primary function of SSRIs?

  • Increase norepinephrine levels
  • Decrease serotonin levels
  • Increase serotonin levels (correct)
  • Increase dopamine levels

    • What role does the frontal lobe serve in the brain?

  • Decision-making and problem-solving (correct)
  • Controlling vital functions
  • Processing sensory information
  • Interpreting visual signals

    • Which area of the brain is mainly responsible for auditory information processing?

    <p>Temporal Lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the medulla oblongata primarily control?

    <p>Heart rate and breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the part of the brain that processes sensory information like touch and temperature.

    <p>Parietal Lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is linked to the regulation of arousal and stress responses?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the occipital lobe?

    <p>Vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of GABA as an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

    <p>Promoting relaxation and calmness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily known for its role in mood regulation?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory involves personal experiences and specific events?

    <p>Episodic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for inhibitory action in the adult brain?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do inhibitory neurotransmitters contribute to focus and concentration?

    <p>By dampening background noise in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of an imbalance in inhibitory neurotransmitters?

    <p>Anxiety or insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of sensory memory?

    <p>Initial brief storage of sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about non-declarative memory is true?

    <p>It includes skills and habits performed without awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do inhibitory neurotransmitters help manage stress?

    <p>They facilitate a peaceful mindset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do inhibitory neurotransmitters typically work?

    <p>By reducing neuron excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of serotonin aside from mood regulation?

    <p>Promoting sleep and appetite control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory would a person use to recall the capital cities of countries?

    <p>Semantic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter plays a significant role in sleep support?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of inhibitory neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

    <p>They balance excitatory signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the potential effects of too much inhibition in the brain?

    <p>Feelings of sluggishness or depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is often associated with an imbalance of inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA?

    <p>Anxiety Disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the midbrain?

    <p>Involved in vision and hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for forming new memories?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do astrocytes play in the brain?

    <p>Support and protect neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of the amygdala?

    <p>Processes emotions such as fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glial cell type is responsible for creating myelin in the central nervous system?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hypothalamus regulate?

    <p>Bodily functions such as temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes glial cells?

    <p>They assist neurons and maintain brain health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can astrocytes do after a brain injury?

    <p>Help repair the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

    <p>Decision-making and planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the occipital lobe located in the brain?

    <p>At the back of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe is primarily involved in processing auditory information?

    <p>Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the parietal lobe play in bodily awareness?

    <p>Understanding touch and spatial awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional function is the cerebellum known for?

    <p>Maintaining balance and coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for basic life functions?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe is crucial for understanding language?

    <p>Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the lobes of the brain?

    <p>The lobes work together to process information and control behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Long-Term Memory (LTM)

    • Stores information for extended periods
    • Divided into Declarative (Explicit) and Non-declarative (Implicit) Memory
    • Declarative Memory: Involves facts and events that can be consciously recalled
      • Episodic Memory: Personal experiences and specific events
      • Semantic Memory: General knowledge and facts about the world
    • Non-declarative Memory: Involves skills and habits performed without conscious awareness
      • Procedural Memory: e.g., riding a bike
      • Priming effects

    Working Memory

    • Short-term memory involved in manipulating information for cognitive tasks
    • Examples: reasoning and comprehension

    Sensory Memory

    • Brief initial storage of sensory information (visual and auditory) that lasts a few seconds

    Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

    • Reduce the likelihood of a neuron firing an action potential
    • Main types:
      • GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid): Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain
      • Glycine: Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brainstem.
    • Mechanism of action:
      • Open chloride channels, allowing chloride ions to enter the cell, making the cell more negative
    • Effects:
      • Reduce neuronal excitability
      • Counteract the effects of excitatory neurotransmitters
      • Maintain balance in neural circuits
    • Importance:
      • Prevent over-excitation in the nervous system
      • Anxiety reduction, sleep regulation, and muscle relaxation
    • Disorders:
      • Anxiety disorders (often treated with drugs that enhance GABA activity)
      • Epilepsy (imbalance between excitation and inhibition)
    • Other inhibitory neurotransmitters:
      • Serotonin and dopamine can have inhibitory effects in certain brain regions.

    Serotonin (5-HT)

    • Role in regulating mood, anxiety, sleep, appetite, and cognitive functions
    • Low levels linked to depression
    • Antidepressants like SSRIs increase serotonin levels
    • Other effects: digestion, blood clotting, and bone density
    • Produced mainly in the raphe nuclei of the brainstem

    Brain

    • Largest part: Cerebrum, divided into two hemispheres (left and right)
      • Responsible for higher functions like thinking, learning, memory, and voluntary movements
    • Frontal Lobe:
      • Located at the front of the cerebrum
      • Responsible for decision-making, problem-solving, and controlling behavior
    • Parietal Lobe:
      • Found behind the frontal lobe
      • Processes sensory information like touch, temperature, and pain
    • Temporal Lobe:
      • Located on the sides of the cerebrum
      • Involved in processing auditory information, memory, and speech
    • Occipital Lobe:
      • At the back of the cerebrum
      • Primarily responsible for vision
    • Brainstem:
      • Medulla Oblongata: Controls vital functions (heart rate, breathing, blood pressure)
      • Pons: A bridge between parts of the nervous system and helps regulate sleep and arousal.
      • Midbrain: Involved in vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake cycles, and temperature regulation
    • Limbic System:
      • Hippocampus: Forming new memories
      • Amygdala: Processes emotions like fear and pleasure
      • Hypothalamus: Regulates bodily functions (temperature, hunger, thirst, circadian rhythms)

    Glial Cells

    • Support staff of the brain
    • Types:
      • Astrocytes: Provide structural support to neurons, maintain the blood-brain barrier, regulate blood flow
      • Oligodendrocytes: Insulate axons in the CNS with myelin, speeding up signal transmission.

    Brain Lobes

    • Frontal Lobe: Decision-making, planning, controlling movements, personality, and social behavior
    • Parietal Lobe: Sensory processing (touch, temperature, pain), spatial awareness
    • Temporal Lobe: Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory formation
    • Occipital Lobe: Visual processing
    • Other important brain areas:
      • Cerebellum: Balance and coordination
      • Brainstem: Basic life functions (breathing, heart rate)

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various types of memory, including long-term, working, and sensory memory. This quiz also covers the role of inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain, detailing GABA and glycine functions. Assess your understanding of these fundamental psychological concepts.

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