LTM
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Questions and Answers

What is the predominant type of coding in long-term memory?

  • Kinesthetic coding
  • Semantic coding (correct)
  • Auditory coding
  • Visual coding

    • Which type of memory is involved in recalling personal experiences?

  • Implicit memory
  • Procedural memory
  • Episodic memory (correct)
  • Semantic memory

    • In the context of memory retrieval, what are retrieval cues used for?

  • To measure the duration of memory retention
  • To enhance the encoding of new information
  • To trigger the recall of stored information (correct)
  • To prevent interference from new memories

    • How does state-dependent learning enhance memory recall?

    <p>By ensuring the context of learning is the same as recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon describes the tendency for individuals to be influenced by misleading information after an event?

    <p>Misinformation effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of implicit memory involves skill learning without conscious awareness of the learning process?

    <p>Procedural memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is autobiographical memory primarily concerned with?

    <p>The recollection of personal life events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines the role of priming in memory?

    <p>Enhancing response to stimuli based on prior presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with the inability to form new memories?

    <p>Korsakoff’s syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a person experiencing retrograde amnesia?

    <p>Inability to remember personal experiences before a trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the difference between episodic and semantic memory?

    <p>Recalling the first day of school versus knowing the capital of a country</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does negative priming have on memory performance?

    <p>Decreases speed or accuracy of responding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of memory can be affected by using retrieval cues?

    <p>Accuracy of recalling previously learned information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the separation of episodic and semantic memories is accurate?

    <p>Neuropsychological evidence supports distinct processing for both types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes encoding specificity?

    <p>It suggests that memory is enhanced if encoding and retrieval conditions match.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios illustrates state-dependent learning?

    <p>Someone remembers a conversation better when they are happy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the misinformation effect primarily demonstrate?

    <p>New information can distort an individual's recollection of an event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect distinguishes recent autobiographical memories from distant ones?

    <p>Recent memories emphasize episodic details and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about retrieval cues is accurate?

    <p>They help facilitate the recall of specific information from memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the phenomenon of retroactive interference be best described?

    <p>It interferes with memory recall due to more recent learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the concept of autobiographical memory?

    <p>It includes recollected events along with their associated emotions and context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is most effective for improving memory retention according to the levels-of-processing theory?

    <p>Elaborative rehearsal to connect meaning with existing knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the memory trace replacement hypothesis in relation to misleading post-event information?

    <p>It substitutes the original memory with the misleading information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the DRM false memory effect is correct?

    <p>It demonstrates that related words can activate similar memory paths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the self-reference effect in memory recall?

    <p>Memory is enhanced when relating information to oneself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of enhancing memory through organizations, which is true?

    <p>Participants tend to organize responses based on their memory structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do retrieval cues play in memory recall?

    <p>They serve as prompts that facilitate the recall of stored information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can most accurately be said of the relationship between encoding and retrieval?

    <p>Retrieval is enhanced when conditions of encoding and retrieval align.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences the organization of information in long-term memory?

    <p>Semantic codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by an excess of vitamin B1.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to form new memories?

    <p>Anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory for stimuli presented at the beginning of a sequence is known as the ______ effect.

    <p>primacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of long-term memory with their descriptions:

    <p>Episodic memory = Memory for personal experiences Semantic memory = Memory for knowledge and facts Procedural memory = Memory for skills and tasks Priming = Influence of prior exposure on response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of coding is primarily involved in long-term memory?

    <p>Semantic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with functioning short-term memory can still form new long-term memories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the effect where individuals rate previously encountered statements as true?

    <p>Propaganda effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Procedural memory is also known as ______ memory.

    <p>skill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of amnesia with its definition:

    <p>Retrograde amnesia = Loss of recent memories before trauma Anterograde amnesia = Inability to form new memories Korsakoff's syndrome = Memory impairment due to vitamin B1 deficiency Amnesia = General term for loss of memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is associated with the loss of episodic memory in K.C.?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semantic memory can exist without episodic memory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method that demonstrates the effect of familiarity in memory recall?

    <p>Priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased accuracy of response to a test stimulus due to prior exposure is known as ______ priming.

    <p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines elaborative rehearsal?

    <p>Making connections between new information and existing knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deep processing leads to poorer memory retention than shallow processing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for memory that is associated with a person's internal state at the time of encoding?

    <p>state-dependent learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon where misleading information affects a person's memory is known as the ______ effect.

    <p>misinformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of rehearsal with its description:

    <p>Maintenance rehearsal = Repeating information without understanding its meaning Elaborative rehearsal = Connecting new information with existing knowledge Shallow processing = Focus on physical features of information Deep processing = Focus on meanings and relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective strategy to enhance memory retention during encoding?

    <p>Creating visual images of the information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propositions can have a truth value assigned to them.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique did Shereshevsky use to aid his perfect memory?

    <p>synaesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of transferring information from long-term memory to working memory is known as ______.

    <p>retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the study to its key finding:

    <p>Kintsch’s study = Easier recall with fewer propositions Turtle study = Encoding relational positions Levels-of-processing theory = Deeper processing improves retention Testing effect = Better memory through testing rather than re-reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does matching the conditions of encoding and retrieval influence memory?

    <p>Memory recall improves when conditions are similar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The self-reference effect improves memory when relating words to oneself.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does generating information have on learning and retention?

    <p>Generation effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In free recall, participants must retrieve information without any ______.

    <p>cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of memory with its description:

    <p>Episodic memory = Memory for specific events and experiences Semantic memory = Memory for facts and concepts Autobiographical memory = Combination of episodic and semantic memories False memory = Unavailable memories created through suggestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Long-Term Memory Structure

    • All information encoded in LTM is semantic in nature
    • Semantic codes combine to form propositions
    • Long-term memory has a large capacity in terms of both space and duration
    • Well-organized

    Korsakoff's Syndrome and Amnesia

    • Korsakoff's syndrome damages areas in the frontal and temporal lobes, leading to severe and permanent memory impairments. Usually caused by chronic alcoholism and vitamin B1 deficiency.
    • Amnesia involves memory loss and/or the inability to learn.
      • Retrograde amnesia involves the loss of memory for events before a trauma, but the ability to form new memories remains.
      • Anterograde amnesia involves an inability to form new memories.

    Distinguishing Between LTM and STM

    • Long-term memory (LTM) is responsible for storing information over long periods.
    • This includes a vast archive of information about past events.

    Serial Position Curve

    • Primacy effect: superior memory for stimuli presented at the beginning.
    • Recency effect: superior memory for stimuli presented at the end; words are still in short-term memory (STM).

    Coding in Long-Term Memory

    • Although visual, auditory, and semantic coding can occur in LTM, semantic coding is prevalent.
    • Example of semantic coding: Mistaking "tree" for "bush", highlighting the importance of meaning over visual or auditory cues in LTM.

    Recognition Memory

    • Recognition memory involves identifying a stimulus encountered previously.
    • Pre-training involves presenting a stimulus.
    • Testing involves presenting the same stimulus alongside others that were not presented before.

    Location of STM and LTM in the Brain

    • STM and LTM are distinct brain regions but there's some evidence for overlap.

    Types of Long-Term Memory

    • Explicit Memory (Declarative): Conscious memories
      • Episodic: Personal experiences
      • Semantic: Knowledge and facts
    • Implicit Memory (Non-declarative): Unconscious memories
      • Procedural: How to do things
      • Priming: Change in response to stimuli due to previous exposure
      • Classical conditioning: Stimulus response associations.

    Distinguishing Episodic and Semantic Memory

    • Episodic memory involves mental time travel, recalling past events.
      • Includes what, when, and where.
    • Semantic memory involves accessing knowledge about the world without remembering a personal experience.

    Neuropsychological Evidence (Separation)

    • K.C. suffered severe damage to the hippocampus, losing episodic memory, though semantic memory remained intact.

    Encoding and Retrieval in LTM

    • Encoding: process of acquiring information and moving it into LTM.
    • Retrieval: is the process of moving information from LTM to working memory.

    Priming (Implicit Memory)

    • Priming occurs when a stimulus (priming stimulus) influences a response to a later stimulus (test stimulus)
    • Negative priming: slows down processing.
    • Positive Priming: speeds up/ enhances processing

    Levels of Processing Theory

    • Memory depends on how information is encoded.
    • Deeper processing enhances encoding and retrieval relative to shallow processing.

    Research Showing Encoding Influences Retrieval

    • Factors like placing words in complex sentences, forming visual images, and connecting words to personal experiences improve memory retrieval.
    • Generating information (generation effect) enhances learning and retention compared to passively receiving.

    Organizing Information in Memory

    • Memory systems organize information for efficient access.
    • Effective retrieval relies on organized memory.

    Retrieval (Getting Information from Memory)

    • Retrieval cues (words or stimuli) help access stored information.
    • Cued recall involves retrieval cues to aid memory.
    • Free recall is recalling information without cues.

    Eyewitness Testimony

    • Information in eyewitness memory can be changed by elaborations or misleading information.

    Misinformation Effect

    • Misleading post-event information given after an event can change how a person describes that event later.

    Autobiographical Memory

    • Multidimensional, containing spatial, emotional, and sensory components.
    • Loss of one aspect results in partial memory loss.

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    Related Documents

    Long-Term Memory PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricacies of long-term memory (LTM) and its structure in this quiz based on recent psychological theories. Understand conditions like Korsakoff's syndrome and amnesia, as well as the distinctions between LTM and short-term memory (STM). Test your knowledge of memory retention and related phenomena such as the serial position curve.

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