LTM

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the predominant type of coding in long-term memory?

  • Kinesthetic coding
  • Semantic coding (correct)
  • Auditory coding
  • Visual coding

Which type of memory is involved in recalling personal experiences?

  • Implicit memory
  • Procedural memory
  • Episodic memory (correct)
  • Semantic memory

In the context of memory retrieval, what are retrieval cues used for?

  • To measure the duration of memory retention
  • To enhance the encoding of new information
  • To trigger the recall of stored information (correct)
  • To prevent interference from new memories

How does state-dependent learning enhance memory recall?

<p>By ensuring the context of learning is the same as recall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon describes the tendency for individuals to be influenced by misleading information after an event?

<p>Misinformation effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of implicit memory involves skill learning without conscious awareness of the learning process?

<p>Procedural memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is autobiographical memory primarily concerned with?

<p>The recollection of personal life events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the role of priming in memory?

<p>Enhancing response to stimuli based on prior presentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with the inability to form new memories?

<p>Korsakoff’s syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a person experiencing retrograde amnesia?

<p>Inability to remember personal experiences before a trauma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the difference between episodic and semantic memory?

<p>Recalling the first day of school versus knowing the capital of a country (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does negative priming have on memory performance?

<p>Decreases speed or accuracy of responding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memory can be affected by using retrieval cues?

<p>Accuracy of recalling previously learned information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the separation of episodic and semantic memories is accurate?

<p>Neuropsychological evidence supports distinct processing for both types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes encoding specificity?

<p>It suggests that memory is enhanced if encoding and retrieval conditions match. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios illustrates state-dependent learning?

<p>Someone remembers a conversation better when they are happy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the misinformation effect primarily demonstrate?

<p>New information can distort an individual's recollection of an event. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect distinguishes recent autobiographical memories from distant ones?

<p>Recent memories emphasize episodic details and emotions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about retrieval cues is accurate?

<p>They help facilitate the recall of specific information from memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the phenomenon of retroactive interference be best described?

<p>It interferes with memory recall due to more recent learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the concept of autobiographical memory?

<p>It includes recollected events along with their associated emotions and context. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is most effective for improving memory retention according to the levels-of-processing theory?

<p>Elaborative rehearsal to connect meaning with existing knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from the memory trace replacement hypothesis in relation to misleading post-event information?

<p>It substitutes the original memory with the misleading information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the DRM false memory effect is correct?

<p>It demonstrates that related words can activate similar memory paths. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the self-reference effect in memory recall?

<p>Memory is enhanced when relating information to oneself. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of enhancing memory through organizations, which is true?

<p>Participants tend to organize responses based on their memory structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do retrieval cues play in memory recall?

<p>They serve as prompts that facilitate the recall of stored information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can most accurately be said of the relationship between encoding and retrieval?

<p>Retrieval is enhanced when conditions of encoding and retrieval align. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the organization of information in long-term memory?

<p>Semantic codes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by an excess of vitamin B1.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to form new memories?

<p>Anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memory for stimuli presented at the beginning of a sequence is known as the ______ effect.

<p>primacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of long-term memory with their descriptions:

<p>Episodic memory = Memory for personal experiences Semantic memory = Memory for knowledge and facts Procedural memory = Memory for skills and tasks Priming = Influence of prior exposure on response</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of coding is primarily involved in long-term memory?

<p>Semantic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with functioning short-term memory can still form new long-term memories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the effect where individuals rate previously encountered statements as true?

<p>Propaganda effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Procedural memory is also known as ______ memory.

<p>skill</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of amnesia with its definition:

<p>Retrograde amnesia = Loss of recent memories before trauma Anterograde amnesia = Inability to form new memories Korsakoff's syndrome = Memory impairment due to vitamin B1 deficiency Amnesia = General term for loss of memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is associated with the loss of episodic memory in K.C.?

<p>Hippocampus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Semantic memory can exist without episodic memory.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the method that demonstrates the effect of familiarity in memory recall?

<p>Priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased accuracy of response to a test stimulus due to prior exposure is known as ______ priming.

<p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines elaborative rehearsal?

<p>Making connections between new information and existing knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deep processing leads to poorer memory retention than shallow processing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for memory that is associated with a person's internal state at the time of encoding?

<p>state-dependent learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phenomenon where misleading information affects a person's memory is known as the ______ effect.

<p>misinformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of rehearsal with its description:

<p>Maintenance rehearsal = Repeating information without understanding its meaning Elaborative rehearsal = Connecting new information with existing knowledge Shallow processing = Focus on physical features of information Deep processing = Focus on meanings and relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective strategy to enhance memory retention during encoding?

<p>Creating visual images of the information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Propositions can have a truth value assigned to them.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique did Shereshevsky use to aid his perfect memory?

<p>synaesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of transferring information from long-term memory to working memory is known as ______.

<p>retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the study to its key finding:

<p>Kintsch’s study = Easier recall with fewer propositions Turtle study = Encoding relational positions Levels-of-processing theory = Deeper processing improves retention Testing effect = Better memory through testing rather than re-reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does matching the conditions of encoding and retrieval influence memory?

<p>Memory recall improves when conditions are similar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The self-reference effect improves memory when relating words to oneself.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does generating information have on learning and retention?

<p>Generation effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

In free recall, participants must retrieve information without any ______.

<p>cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of memory with its description:

<p>Episodic memory = Memory for specific events and experiences Semantic memory = Memory for facts and concepts Autobiographical memory = Combination of episodic and semantic memories False memory = Unavailable memories created through suggestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of placing a word in a complex sentence?

<p>It strengthens the connection to related words. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

State-dependent learning means that memory retrieval is better when the internal state during encoding and retrieval are different.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define recognition memory.

<p>The identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

<p>Encoding Specificity = Best recall occurs when encoding and retrieval contexts are the same State-Dependent Learning = Memory retrieval is enhanced when internal states match Transfer-Appropriate Processing = Memory performance improves when tasks during encoding and retrieval are the same Retroactive Interference = Recent learning interferes with recall of prior information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes paired-associate learning?

<p>Associating two words by creating mental images. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mental models include the inferences drawn by the hearer or reader.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'misleading post-event information' (MPI)?

<p>Information presented after an event that can alter the memory of that event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Information is best recalled when the encoding and retrieval occur in the same ______.

<p>location</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding mental images?

<p>They can include representations from imagination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Encoding (LTM)

The process of acquiring information and storing it in long-term memory.

Retrieval (LTM)

The process of bringing information from long-term memory to working memory.

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating information, without meaningful connections, to keep it in short term memory.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new information to existing knowledge for better long-term storage

Signup and view all the flashcards

Levels-of-processing Theory

Memory depends on how deeply information is processed/encoded.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Proposition

A statement of meaning or idea with a truth value (T/F).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mental Models

Mental representations of real-world events, including inferences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Encoding Specificity

Recall is best when retrieval conditions match encoding conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

State-Dependent Learning

Learning linked to a particular internal state (mood, etc.).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transfer-appropriate Processing

Memory is best when the task at retrieval matches the task at encoding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Misinformation Effect

Memory distortions caused by misleading information after an event.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Testing Effect

Enhanced memory from actively testing yourself.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Retrieval Cues

Stimuli (words, etc) that help trigger memories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autobiographical Memory

Memory of personal life events.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Schema

Organized knowledge structure in memory (about a topic) that influences encoding and retrieval.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A memory system storing information for extended periods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Semantic Coding

The dominant way LTM stores information, focusing on meaning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Korsakoff's Syndrome

A memory impairment caused by vitamin B1 deficiency, often from alcoholism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amnesia

Loss of memory and/or ability to learn

Signup and view all the flashcards

Retrograde Amnesia

Loss of memory before a certain trauma, but able to remember distant memories and new memories

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories after a trauma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primacy Effect

Better memory for items at the beginning of a list.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recency Effect

Better memory for items at the end of a list.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Explicit Memory

Consciously accessible memories (facts & experiences).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Episodic Memory

Memories of personal experiences (what, when, where).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Semantic Memory

General knowledge about the world, not tied to personal experience.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Implicit Memory

Unconscious memories (skills, habits, priming).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Procedural Memory

Memory for how to do things (skills, habits).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Priming

A change in response to a stimulus due to a prior stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Korsakoff's syndrome?

A condition where brain areas involved in memory are damaged due to prolonged vitamin B1 deficiency, often caused by chronic alcoholism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Amnesia?

A loss of memory and/or the ability to learn new information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Primacy Effect?

Better memory for items presented at the beginning of a list.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Recency Effect?

Better memory for items presented at the end of a list.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Semantic Coding?

Storing information in long-term memory based on its meaning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Recognition Memory?

Identifying a previously encountered stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Single Dissociation

A brain lesion that impairs one task but not another.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Double Dissociation

Two brain lesions affect two different tasks, demonstrating separate brain functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mirror Drawing

Improving a skill through practice without consciously remembering the practice itself.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Shereshevsky's Memory

A rare ability to remember vast amounts of information, often relying on vivid imagery and synaesthesia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spatial Relations (Memory)

We store information about the position and arrangement of objects in a scene, but not all possible ways of describing it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mental Models (Memory)

Internal representations of real-world events, including inferences and context.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Levels of Processing (Theory)

Memory depends on how deeply you process information. Deeper processing leads to better retention.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Matching Conditions of Encoding and Retrieval

Memory is improved when the conditions at retrieval match the conditions at encoding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Encoding

The process of converting information from your senses into a form that your brain can store, like taking a picture and putting it in a photo album.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Retrieval

Bringing information back from long-term memory into your conscious awareness, like pulling out a picture from your photo album.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Propositional Representation

Storing information in memory as a sentence-like structure, focusing on the relationships and meaning of the words.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mental Images

Imagined visual representations, not relying on actual perception.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Long-Term Memory Structure

  • All information encoded in LTM is semantic in nature
  • Semantic codes combine to form propositions
  • Long-term memory has a large capacity in terms of both space and duration
  • Well-organized

Korsakoff's Syndrome and Amnesia

  • Korsakoff's syndrome damages areas in the frontal and temporal lobes, leading to severe and permanent memory impairments. Usually caused by chronic alcoholism and vitamin B1 deficiency.
  • Amnesia involves memory loss and/or the inability to learn.
    • Retrograde amnesia involves the loss of memory for events before a trauma, but the ability to form new memories remains.
    • Anterograde amnesia involves an inability to form new memories.

Distinguishing Between LTM and STM

  • Long-term memory (LTM) is responsible for storing information over long periods.
  • This includes a vast archive of information about past events.

Serial Position Curve

  • Primacy effect: superior memory for stimuli presented at the beginning.
  • Recency effect: superior memory for stimuli presented at the end; words are still in short-term memory (STM).

Coding in Long-Term Memory

  • Although visual, auditory, and semantic coding can occur in LTM, semantic coding is prevalent.
  • Example of semantic coding: Mistaking "tree" for "bush", highlighting the importance of meaning over visual or auditory cues in LTM.

Recognition Memory

  • Recognition memory involves identifying a stimulus encountered previously.
  • Pre-training involves presenting a stimulus.
  • Testing involves presenting the same stimulus alongside others that were not presented before.

Location of STM and LTM in the Brain

  • STM and LTM are distinct brain regions but there's some evidence for overlap.

Types of Long-Term Memory

  • Explicit Memory (Declarative): Conscious memories
    • Episodic: Personal experiences
    • Semantic: Knowledge and facts
  • Implicit Memory (Non-declarative): Unconscious memories
    • Procedural: How to do things
    • Priming: Change in response to stimuli due to previous exposure
    • Classical conditioning: Stimulus response associations.

Distinguishing Episodic and Semantic Memory

  • Episodic memory involves mental time travel, recalling past events.
    • Includes what, when, and where.
  • Semantic memory involves accessing knowledge about the world without remembering a personal experience.

Neuropsychological Evidence (Separation)

  • K.C. suffered severe damage to the hippocampus, losing episodic memory, though semantic memory remained intact.

Encoding and Retrieval in LTM

  • Encoding: process of acquiring information and moving it into LTM.
  • Retrieval: is the process of moving information from LTM to working memory.

Priming (Implicit Memory)

  • Priming occurs when a stimulus (priming stimulus) influences a response to a later stimulus (test stimulus)
  • Negative priming: slows down processing.
  • Positive Priming: speeds up/ enhances processing

Levels of Processing Theory

  • Memory depends on how information is encoded.
  • Deeper processing enhances encoding and retrieval relative to shallow processing.

Research Showing Encoding Influences Retrieval

  • Factors like placing words in complex sentences, forming visual images, and connecting words to personal experiences improve memory retrieval.
  • Generating information (generation effect) enhances learning and retention compared to passively receiving.

Organizing Information in Memory

  • Memory systems organize information for efficient access.
  • Effective retrieval relies on organized memory.

Retrieval (Getting Information from Memory)

  • Retrieval cues (words or stimuli) help access stored information.
  • Cued recall involves retrieval cues to aid memory.
  • Free recall is recalling information without cues.

Eyewitness Testimony

  • Information in eyewitness memory can be changed by elaborations or misleading information.

Misinformation Effect

  • Misleading post-event information given after an event can change how a person describes that event later.

Autobiographical Memory

  • Multidimensional, containing spatial, emotional, and sensory components.
  • Loss of one aspect results in partial memory loss.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Long-Term Memory PDF

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser