Psychology Chapter on Locus of Control and Theories

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor that influences the health star rating of a product?

The nutritional content based on portion size (correct)

The brand popularity

The price of the product

The color of the packaging

Which statement best describes the influence of social situations on food intake?

Eating alone tends to lead to healthier choices.

Friends always encourage healthier eating.

Eating habits are solely dictated by hunger.

Modelling significantly influences food quantity consumed. (correct)

Why might the health star rating for a small portion of a product be considered higher than for a larger portion?

Health star ratings do not differ with portion size.

Larger portions contain less sugar.

Larger portions are always healthier.

Smaller portions tend to have higher nutritional density. (correct)

What is a major social factor that can negatively impact an individual's food intake?

Peer pressure encouraging larger portion sizes. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the implications of social cues on eating behavior?

They can override individual appetite signals. Signup and view all the answers

How does the perception of controllability affect coping strategies?

It influences individuals to adopt problem-focused coping when controllable. Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy is more likely to be adopted when stressors are perceived as controllable?

Problem-focused coping strategies. Signup and view all the answers

What influences coping strategies in relation to controllability?

Causal attribution of the stressor. Signup and view all the answers

If individuals attribute the cause of stress to themselves, what coping strategy are they more likely to use?

Problem-focused coping. Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely coping response when the cause of stress is unknown?

Avoidant coping. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered ineffective for stress management?

Just stop worrying Signup and view all the answers

What effect do benzodiazepines have on anxiety?

They reduce anxiety, panic, and insomnia Signup and view all the answers

Which method targets cognition directly for effective stress management?

Cognitive restructuring Signup and view all the answers

Which medication primarily reduces physiological arousal rather than stress itself?

Beta blockers Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about managing stress?

Avoiding stressors is beneficial Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome?

Initial alarm stage Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of stress response is characterized by the body's adaptation to prolonged stress?

Resistance stage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately represents the state of good health in the context of stress responses?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

During the resistance stage, which of the following occurs?

The body utilizes energy and resources to cope Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the final stage of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome?

Prolonged exposure leading to disease Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does the stress response model primarily focus on?

Interactions of physical and psychological stressors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Compensation stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary idea behind Hans Selye's theories on stress?

Stress responses can be beneficial and adaptive Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes emotion-focused coping strategies?

They include cognitive reappraisal and avoidance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the buffering hypothesis of social support?

Social support mitigates negative effects of high stress. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an emotion-focused coping strategy?

Avoiding thoughts about the problem. Signup and view all the answers

How can social support contribute to enhancing coping?

By providing emotional resources to deal with stress. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Direct Effects Hypothesis (DEH) argue about social support?

Social support benefits health regardless of stress levels. Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with a lack of social support?

Higher risk of ongoing loneliness and health issues. Signup and view all the answers

How does collectivistic culture generally respond to personal stress?

By reducing the impact of personal stress on others. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of emotion-focused strategy can lead to negative outcomes?

Suppression of emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What effect can social ties have on susceptibility to illness?

Social ties can improve resilience against illness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures regarding stress?

Individualistic cultures focus on personal achievements. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of social support?

Psychological avoidance. Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is often associated with a maladaptive approach to emotion regulation?

Rumination. Signup and view all the answers

Which benefit is associated with strong social support systems?

Independent benefits to health regardless of stress levels. Signup and view all the answers

What role does social support play in secondary appraisal during stressful situations?

It enhances access to resources needed to cope. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological factors does stress influence that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

Decreased heart rate variability Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main characteristics of Type D personality that contributes to heart disease?

Poor emotional regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy involves changing one’s perception of risk in response to stress?

Emotion-focused coping Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic stress contribute to atherosclerosis?

By increasing stress hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of self-reported stress in measuring stress levels?

It assesses exposure to stressors Signup and view all the answers

What can increased inflammatory markers due to stress lead to?

Increased cardiovascular reactivity Signup and view all the answers

What is a common lifestyle choice that stress can indirectly impact, contributing to cardiovascular disease?

Substance abuse Signup and view all the answers

How does heightened stress hormone activity contribute to stroke risk?

By raising cholesterol levels Signup and view all the answers

What does avoidant-focused coping typically involve?

Ignoring or denying the problem Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of coronary heart disease patients are estimated to be Type D personality?

1 in 4 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a physiological measure of stress?

Skin tone Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high heart rate variability have on emotional regulation?

Improves emotional regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary goal of problem-focused coping?

Increase resources or reduce demands Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stress measurement methods assesses the body's secretion of hormones?

Physiological stress markers Signup and view all the answers

What health issue is exacerbated by chronic stress through mechanisms such as increased clotting factors?

Stroke Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about coping strategies is incorrect?

Avoidant coping always leads to effective solutions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Locus of Control (LoC)

LoC can be internal or external
Beliefs about causes of outcomes
Internal LoC: You have control over outcomes
External LoC: Outside forces control outcomes

Steps to Wardle 2001

Study on LoC and exercise
People with internal LoC are more likely to engage in exercise, less likely for external LoC

Self-Efficacy Theory (SET)

A behavioral model focusing on self-efficacy
Perceived ability to carry out an action
Confidence in the face of obstacles, understanding the situation (e.g., running on icy roads)

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

Behavior is an intention to engage in the behavior
Intention precedes action
Designed to understand the disconnect between attitudes and behaviors
Two front-end components: Attitude towards behavior and Subjective Norms

Attitude toward behavior (TRA)

Front-end component of TRA
Subjective opinion about desirability of the behavior
Example: Importance of voting in an election.

Subjective norms (TRA)

Front-end component
Influence of others' opinions/actions about the behavior
Example: Others' opinions on voting

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

Same as TRA but considers perceived behavioral control
Confidence in ability to carry out an action influences whether intention and behavior are formed

Perceived Behavioral Control (TPB)

Component of TPB
Moderate the link between intent and behavior
People with high perceived control are more likely to convert their intentions to actions successfully

Health Belief Model (HBM)

Likelihood/components for performing an action
Not through the mechanisms of perceived threat and outcome expectations

Perceived Susceptibility (HBM)

Front-end component of HBM
Perception of being vulnerable to an outcome of a behavior (e.g., drink driving leading to an accident)

Perceived Seriousness (HBM)

Front-end component of HBM
Perception of severity of outcome (e.g., consequences of a drink driving accident)

Perceived Benefits (HBM)

Front-end component of HBM
Perceived advantages of the behavior (e.g., quick travel home by driving)

Perceived Barriers (HBM)

Front-end component of HBM
Perceived disadvantages (e.g., getting lost while driving)

Outcome Expectations (HBM)

Middle component of HBM
Perceived outcome of the behavior

Cues to Action

Middle component of HBM
Prompts to change behavior (e.g. wet floor sign)

Health Motivation (HBM)

Middle component
Motivational aspects of performing action

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

Describes stages of motivation to change a behavior
Not linear– progress and relapse possible

Implementation Intentions (II)

Informal, bridges intention and behavior
Controllinge behaviour by the way you plan actions – Contingency plan for if plan A fails.

Motivational Phase (II)

Implementation phase. Motivated to change behaviour
Vague

Volitional phase (II)

Implementation intention phase (2/2)
Specific plan about what, when and where

Other Factors

Motivated reasoning - People use information to support their needs
Self-presentation - conveying a particular impression to others, aiming to minimize costs and maximize rewards.
Social learning/modeling – Learning by observing others
Operant conditioning – learned behaviors conditioned to particular things
Economic factors (e.g., lower SES) link to unhealthy behaviors

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Description

Explore key concepts from psychology, including Locus of Control (LoC), Self-Efficacy Theory (SET), and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). Understand how internal and external beliefs influence outcomes and behaviors like exercise and voting. Test your knowledge of these psychological theories and their applications.