Locus of Control Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that protects high-risk youths from starting criminal careers?

Being highly regarded by their mothers

Having a shy personality

Having few friends at age eight

Having a deviant family (correct)

According to Farrington, which of the following factors predict the discontinuity of criminal offences?

Individual factors (correct)

Familial factors

Environmental factors

All of the above

What is the relationship between risk factors and criminal activities according to Burton?

As the number of risk factors increase, the likelihood of crime and aggression increases (correct)

As the number of risk factors decrease, the likelihood of crime and aggression decreases

As the number of risk factors decrease, the likelihood of crime and aggression increases

As the number of risk factors increase, the likelihood of crime and aggression decreases

What is the relationship between protective factors and pro-social behavioral repertoires?

As the number of protective factors increase, the likelihood of pro-social behavior increases Signup and view all the answers

Which neurological disorder is specifically mentioned in the text as being linked to criminal behavior?

Alzheimer's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the PET scanner in studying criminal behavior?

It analyzes the metabolism of the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is BEAM?

A type of brain scanning technique Signup and view all the answers

What is hypoglycaemia and how is it related to criminal behavior?

A condition where the blood sugar is very low, causing anxiety, confusion, and aggressive behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of social cognition associated with criminal behavior?

Empathy Signup and view all the answers

What effect do high androgen levels have on behavior according to the text?

Decrease sensitivity to environmental stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What are biocriminologists' beliefs regarding the link between diet and violent behavior?

Improved diet could reduce violent behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive component of social cognition according to the text?

Processes associated with knowing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cognitive approach to explain criminal behavior?

Locus of control Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is supported by research on violent young offenders?

They display greater external control than non-violent young offenders Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between self-control and impulsiveness, according to the text?

Not all studies have found a link between low self-control and delinquency Signup and view all the answers

What is the mind-set of offenders, according to Yochelson and Samenow?

Offenders have a wrong or distorted pattern of thinking Signup and view all the answers

What is the rational choice perspective in criminology?

An approach that emphasizes offenders' strategic thinking and their evaluation of opportunities and alternatives Signup and view all the answers

What is determinism in criminology?

The belief that individual differences in behavior are rooted in factors beyond the control of individuals Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of biological factors that play a role in criminal behavior?

Genetic, neurophysiological, and biochemical factors Signup and view all the answers

What is free will in criminology?

The ability to make rational choices among possible actions Signup and view all the answers

According to Farrington's theory, what is the relationship between life experiences and criminal behavior?

Life experiences shape the direction and flow of behavioral choices Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of getting married on criminal activity?

Getting married helps diminish criminal activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between pro-social attitudes and violent behavior according to Ward's research?

Pro-social attitudes decrease the likelihood of violent behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the biological dimension's basic premise regarding criminal behavior?

Certain people are born to be criminals through genetic or physiological predisposition Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, how many identifiable developmental stages are there?

Six Signup and view all the answers

Which level of moral development is characterized by conformity to social norms and values?

Conventional morality Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for ethical behavior according to Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

Justice Signup and view all the answers

What is the social learning approach?

A theory that focuses on how people learn from one another through observation, imitation, and modeling Signup and view all the answers

What is the rational choice approach?

A theory that individuals make decisions based on a cost-benefit analysis of the potential consequences of their actions Signup and view all the answers

What is the connection between moral reasoning and serious offenders according to the text?

Serious offenders are more likely to be classified on the lowest levels of moral reasoning Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Protective and Risk Factors in Criminal Behavior

High-risk youths can be protected from criminal careers through factors like positive family relationships, strong social networks, and supportive community programs.
Factors predicting discontinuity of criminal offenses include life events such as employment stability and family dynamics.

Relationships Between Factors

Risk factors increase the likelihood of engaging in criminal activities; they include poor family relationships and socioeconomic challenges.
Protective factors enhance pro-social behavioral repertoires, promoting positive choices and behaviors among high-risk individuals.

Neurological and Biological Links

Specific neurological disorders linked to criminal behavior include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
PET scanners are used to study brain activity in individuals with criminal behaviors, revealing patterns associated with aggression and impulsivity.

Biological Influences and Criminal Behavior

BEAM (biological, emotional, and sociocultural factors) is a framework used to understand the interplay between biology and behavior.
Hypoglycemia, a condition of low blood sugar, has been associated with increased aggression and possibly criminal behavior.

Cognitive and Behavioral Insights

Components of social cognition related to criminal behavior include perception of social cues and the ability to empathize.
High androgen levels are linked to increased aggression and impulsivity, potentially driving criminal behaviors.

Diet and Violence

Biocriminologists assert that diet can significantly influence violent behaviors, suggesting a connection between nutrition and aggression.

Theories of Crime and Behavior

The cognitive component of social cognition involves decision-making processes that affect criminal actions.
Cognitive approaches to crime include theories that emphasize thought patterns and rationalizations, with behaviors driven by learned experiences and social contexts.

Research on Offenders

Research on violent young offenders supports observations that impulsivity and lack of self-control are prevalent among this group.
Self-control is inversely related to impulsiveness; high self-control typically mitigates impulsive criminal actions.

Offender Mindset and Criminology Perspectives

Yochelson and Samenow describe the mind-set of offenders as focused on self-interest and justification of their criminal activities.
The rational choice perspective posits that criminals weigh costs and benefits before engaging in crime, acting on perceived advantages.

Determinism, Free Will, and Criminal Behavior

Determinism in criminology suggests that behaviors are influenced by biological and environmental factors, leaving little room for free will.
Free will is considered the ability of individuals to make choices independent of biological and external influences.

Life Experiences and Criminal Activity

Farrington's theory indicates that adverse life experiences, like trauma or instability, correlate with the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior.
Marriage typically acts as a stabilizing factor, reducing criminal activities by promoting responsibility and pro-social relationships.

Attitudes and Moral Development

Ward's research finds a negative correlation between pro-social attitudes and violent behaviors; those with positive attitudes are less likely to engage in violence.
Kohlberg's theory identifies six identifiable stages of moral development, consistent with cognitive and ethical growth.

Moral Development and Criminality

The conventional stage of moral development emphasizes adherence to social norms and expectations.
Ethical behavior is based on the development of moral reasoning, leading to justifiable actions in accordance with societal values.

Learning Approaches

The social learning approach emphasizes that behaviors are acquired through observation and imitation of others.
The rational choice approach examines individuals' decision-making processes in committing crimes, highlighting the calculated nature of criminal acts.

Moral Reasoning and Offenders

There exists a connection between underdeveloped moral reasoning and serious offenders, who often struggle with ethical decision-making.

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Description

Test your knowledge on locus of control with this quiz. Explore the concept and learn about the degree to which individuals perceive their behaviour to be under their own control or under the control of external forces. Discover how offenders tend to see themselves as being externally controlled.