Psychology Chapter on Learning Theories

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Behavioural Modification training?

  • Expectancy outcomes
  • Social learning observation
  • Self-efficacy development
  • Reinforcement theory (correct)

Which process is NOT part of the social learning theory's learning processes?

  • Evaluation (correct)
  • Retention
  • Motor reproduction
  • Attention

Which factor does NOT influence self-efficacy?

  • Verbal persuasion
  • Logical verification
  • Past accomplishments
  • Random chance (correct)

In Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the highest level of needs is associated with which concept?

<p>Self-actualization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Expectancy Theory suggests a person's behavior is based on how many key factors?

<p>Three (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT included in the SMART objectives framework?

<p>Motivational (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes that adults need to know why they are learning?

<p>Adult Learning Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Competency-Based training focuses primarily on which of the following?

<p>Specific skills or competencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Instrumentality refer to in Expectancy Theory?

<p>The relationship between behavior and its outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of motivation in learning according to social learning theory?

<p>Motivation is influenced by the perceived outcomes of behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Positive Reinforcement

Pleasurable outcomes offered as rewards, increasing the likelihood of a behavior repeating.

Negative Reinforcement

Unpleasant outcomes used to decrease a behavior's frequency.

Social Learning Theory

Learning by observing others, especially credible and knowledgeable individuals, and then imitating their behavior.

Self-Efficacy

A person's belief in their ability to successfully learn new knowledge or skills.

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Need

A deficiency or lack that a person experiences at a given time.

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Love and Belonging Needs

The need for a sense of belonging, love and connection.

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Expectancy Theory

Theory suggesting that a person's behavior is driven by three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

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SMART Goal Setting

A goal setting method that emphasizes specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound objectives.

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Competency Based Training

A training method focusing on developing specific skills or competencies.

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Adult Learning Theory

Adult learners are motivated by relevant content, self-direction, and a need to apply their learning practically.

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Study Notes

Reinforcement Theory

  • Positive reinforcement involves pleasurable outcomes and rewards.
  • Negative reinforcement involves unpleasant outcomes.
  • Behavioural modification is primarily based on reinforcement theory.

Social Learning Theory

  • People learn by observing credible and knowledgeable models.
  • Behaviors are repeated when reinforced or rewarded.
  • Learning is influenced by self-efficacy.

Self-Efficacy

  • Self-efficacy is a personal judgment about one's ability to learn knowledge or skills.
  • Self-efficacy can be strengthened through:
    • Verbal persuasion (encouragement)
    • Logical verification (relating old to new tasks)
    • Observations from other models
    • Past accomplishments

Social Learning Theory Processes

  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Motor reproduction (practice)
  • Motivational processes

Needs Theories

  • Needs are deficiencies experienced by people.
  • Maslow's hierarchy of needs outlines various levels of needs.

Expectancy Theory

  • A person's behavior is based on three factors:
    • Expectancy: the link between trying and performing.
    • Instrumentality: the belief that performing a behavior leads to a particular outcome.
    • Valence: the value placed on an outcome (e.g., importance of performing better at work).

Goal Setting Theory

  • SMART objectives outline what needs to be accomplished within a specific timeframe.
  • SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound.
  • Examples: Zero loss time incidents.

Information Processing Theory

  • Processes involved in learning and retaining training content.

Adult Learning Theory (Malcolm Knowles)

  • Adults learn best when:
    • They understand why they are learning.
    • They have self-direction.
    • They have prior experiences.
    • They are motivated to learn.

Competency-Based Training

  • Training built around specific skills or competencies.

Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Skills

  • Cognitive: Mental skills
  • Affective: Emotional areas (e.g., attitude, feelings)
  • Psychomotor: Physical skills

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