Psychology Chapter on Intelligence and Brain

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Questions and Answers

Which option is NOT correlated with brain size?

Gender (correct)

Health

Age

Intelligence

The example of you scoring 20 points higher than your grandfather on an intelligence test illustrates which phenomenon?

Spearman effect; increasing size of the human brain over generations

Spearman effect; differences in education and/or life experiences

Flynn effect; differences in education and/or life experiences (correct)

Flynn effect; the increasing size of the human brain over generations

Why is comparing intelligence between species complex?

Differences in brain size

Differences in species-typical behaviors (correct)

Differences in mating patterns

All of the answers are correct

What is the relationship between the brains of very intelligent individuals and average size?

No size relation to intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What encompasses the complex learned behaviors passed down through generations?

Culture Signup and view all the answers

The first artistic relics made by modern humans were created approximately how long ago?

55,000 years ago Signup and view all the answers

Reading and writing were invented approximately how long ago?

7000 years ago Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to ideas, behaviors, or styles that spread in a culture?

Memes Signup and view all the answers

Language control is usually situated in which hemisphere of the brain?

left hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

The left hemisphere primarily controls functions on which side of the body?

contralateral Signup and view all the answers

Spatial navigation is primarily controlled by which part of the brain?

the right hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the main assumption about the organization of the brain regarding its processing systems?

a combination of serial and parallel systems Signup and view all the answers

Who postulated the notion of segregation of sensory and motor functions in the nervous system?

François Magendie and David Bell Signup and view all the answers

Where is memory primarily located in the brain?

throughout the brain Signup and view all the answers

Changes in balance between excitation and inhibition can account for symptoms in which conditions?

both Tourette syndrome and Parkinson disease Signup and view all the answers

What technique allows researchers to label different neurons with distinct colors?

Brainbow Signup and view all the answers

What is the core region of the cell that contains the nucleus?

Soma Signup and view all the answers

What are branches extending out of a neuron's cell membrane that allow it to collect information from other cells?

Dendrites Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an axon in a neuron?

To transmit messages to other neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the junction of the axon and the soma of a neuron?

Axon hillock Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common sequence of information flow through a neuron?

Dendrite, nucleus, axon hillock, axon Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a neuron in the best way?

A multi-input computational device with many output wires Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of bipolar neuron?

Sensory neurons in the skin Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to cells that link sensory and motor neurons?

Interneurons Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by weakness in the legs and falling while walking?

Parkinson disease Signup and view all the answers

Myasthenia gravis is characterized as which type of disease?

an autoimmune disease Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is often accompanied by drooping eyelids, difficulty swallowing, and general fatigue?

Myasthenia gravis Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter slows down heart rate?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Acetylcholine functions to _ muscle contraction in the SNS and _ in the ANS.

excite; inhibit Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first to demonstrate that the nervous system communicates using chemical messages?

Otto Loewi Signup and view all the answers

What are chemicals released by a neuron called that have excitatory or inhibitory effects?

neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which substance acts to increase heart rate?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

A person who can display some rudimentary behaviors such as smiling or blinking but is otherwise not conscious is described as being:

in a persistent vegetative state Signup and view all the answers

In a study with a patient in a minimally conscious state, Schiff and colleagues found that _____ led to dramatic improvements in the patient's behavior.

deep brain stimulation Signup and view all the answers

The first humanlike brain evolved:

6 million years ago Signup and view all the answers

Humans are of the order and the family .

primates; great apes Signup and view all the answers

The branch of biology that is concerned with naming and classifying species is:

taxonomy Signup and view all the answers

Humans, monkeys, Neanderthals, and chimpanzees—all belong to the same:

family Signup and view all the answers

Insects have:

enough ganglia to be called a brain Signup and view all the answers

The correct order of organisms from the least complex to the most complex nervous system is:

sea anemone, flatworm, squid, frog Signup and view all the answers

Brain abnormalities can be related to how many disorders?

more than 2,000 disorders Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes all nerve processes radiating out beyond the brain and spinal cord?

peripheral nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system?

the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Which set of brain structures is responsible for most of our unconscious behaviors?

the brainstem Signup and view all the answers

Who expounded the idea that we make subliminal movements of our larynx and muscles when we imagine?

Edmond Jacobson Signup and view all the answers

Which statement defines behavior as patterns in time?

expounded by D.O. Hebb Signup and view all the answers

Patterns in time can be constructed from which of the following?

both movements and thinking Signup and view all the answers

What does the behavior of crossbill birds indicates if the beak is trimmed and the behavior disappears?

fixed behavior Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exam 2019, Questions and Answers

Brain abnormalities can be related to more than 2,000 disorders.
The peripheral nervous system includes sensory receptors, connections to motor neurons, and connections to internal organs. The spinal cord is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system.
The cerebellum is responsible for most unconscious behaviours.
The postulation that we make subliminal movements of our larynx and muscles when we imagine was expounded by Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt.
"Behavior consists of patterns in time" is a definition of behavior by Edmond Jacobson.
Patterns in time can be made up of movements and thinking.
Animals with simpler nervous systems mostly have inherited behaviors.
Animals with more complex nervous systems mostly have learned behaviors.
Crossbill birds' beak shape is an example of a fixed behavior, which disappears if the beak is trimmed.
The sucking response in newborn human infants is an inherited response.
Nonhuman animals have mostly inherited behaviors, but are influenced by learning.
Humans mostly have learned behaviors but share some inherited behaviors.
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Interactions between organisms and their environment lead to the reproduction of characteristics.
Humans and monkeys use the same brain areas for language.
Individual variation in plants and animals was first explained by Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel.
The study of how genetic expression is related to the environment and experience is called epigenetics.
Neuroscientists study many animals relating to the human brain, because if all animals are related, then all nervous systems are related and we can learn about the human brain by studying other animals.
Inherited behaviors can include emotional expressions both in animals and humans.
Of the 100,000 people in the United States who become comatose in a given year, approximately 50 percent recover consciousness.
A person who can display some rudimentary behaviors, but is not conscious is in a minimally conscious state.
The first human-like brain evolved 6 million years ago.
The first brain evolved between 250 to 700 million years ago.
The order of humans is mammals, primates, great apes.
The order of taxonomic classification is phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
The branch of biology that concerns naming and classifying species is taxonomy.
Mentalism is the notion that the mind is responsible for behavior.
The mind is a nonmaterial entity responsible for intelligence, attention, awareness, and consciousness.
Descartes proposed the notion that the mind resides in the pineal body.
Dualism is the belief that the body and mind are separate entities, but that the pineal body influences the body.
Subsequent research has shown the pineal body is not responsible for human behavior.
The difficulty of explaining how a nonmaterial mind influences a material body is called the mind-body problem.
Descartes's followers argued that the mind and body are separate at birth.
The notion that all of behavior can be explained by the workings of the brain is called materialism.
Individual variation in plants and animals was first explained by both Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel.
Individual variations in plants and animals were first explained by Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel.
The study of how genetic expression is related to the environment and experience is called epigenetics.
Mentalism is the concept that the mind is responsible for behaviour.
The mind is a nonmaterial entity that is thought to be responsible for intelligence, awareness, and consciousness.
The notion that all behaviour can be explained by the workings of the brain is called materialism.
The mind-body problem is the difficulty in explaining how a nonmaterial mind can influence a material body.
Descartes's followers argued that the mind and body are separate entities.
Natural selection describes how differential success in reproduction of characteristics results from interactions between organisms and their environment.
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace were involved in the theory of evolution through natural selection.
Patterns in time comprise both thought patterns and movements,
Increased brain size, and folding are prominent in primates.
Primates consist of 575 different species.
Humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor from about 5-10 million years ago.
Humans are most closely related to chimpanzees.
The first primate to walk upright similar to humans is Australopithecus
The correct order of these early hominids is Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis.
The oldest human fossils are roughly 2 million years old.
Individual variation in plants and animals was explained by Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel.
The study of how genetic expression is related to experience and environment is known as epigenetics.
Mentalism refers to the concept that the mind is responsible for behavior.
Mentalism refers to the concept that the mind is responsible for behaviour.
Materialism is the belief that all behaviour can be explained by the workings of the brain.
The brain plays a role in many behaviours, such as learning, motivation and emotions.
The difficulty in explaining how nonmaterial mind can influence a material body is called mind-body problem.
The study of the mind is mentalism.
Mental processes and physical processes cannot be separated.
The mind is the nonmaterial essence that controls intelligence, consciousness, perception and other characteristics.
The notion that the mind is responsible for behaviour is known as mentalism.
The study of how genetic expression is related to the environment and experience is called epigenetics.
The difficulty explaining how nonmaterial can influence material is called the mind-body problem.
Individual variation in plants and animals was first explained by Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel.
The study of how genetic expression is related to the environment and experience is called epigenetics.
Mentalism refers to the theory that mental processes are responsible for behavior.
Materialism refers to the theory that behavior is a result of physical processes in the brain.
The mind-body problem is the difficulty in explaining how the non-material mind can affect the material body.
Descartes's followers proposed that the mind is separate from the body.
Subsequent research indicates that the mind and body are interdependent.
The correct order of taxonomic classification is phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Neuroscientists study the nervous systems of other animals such as slugs, snails, fruit flies and monkeys because if all animals are related, then all nervous systems are related and we can learn about the human brain by studying other animals.
Individual variation in plants and animals was first explained by Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel.
Subsequent research indicates that the pineal body is not involved in behaviour.
Subsequent research indicates that the pineal body is not involved in behavior. Neural abnormalities can be related to more than 2,000 disorders
A person who can display some rudimentary behaviors such as smiling or blinking, but is otherwise not conscious is described as being in a minimally conscious state.
Increased brain size and increased folding are most prominent in primate species.
The primate order contains approximately 575 species.
Humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor somewhere between 5 and 10 million years ago.
Humans are most closely related to chimpanzees.
The first primate to walk upright similar to humans was Australopithecus.
The correct order of these early hominids that evolved is Homo habilis, Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis.
The oldest human fossils are approximately 2 million years old.
Of the 100,000 people in the United States who have a possible brain injury, roughly 50% recover consciousness in a given year.
The most prominent feature of the brain (in relation to humans) is the higher ratio of the brain to body size.
The brain is made up of 86 billion neurons. This is the central nervous system of humans.
A neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites and an axon, and is the basic signalling units of the central nervous system (CNS).
Neurons are linked by specialized sites called synapses, where information is passed through chemical signals.
Electrical synapses are less common in mammals.
Electrical synapses are rare in mammals, more common in invertebrates.
The brain uses roughly 20% of the body's energy in resting state.
Chemicals released to stimulate or inhibit are called neurotransmitters.
A protein molecule that promotes the passage of substances across the membrane is called a transporter.
The blood-brain barrier is made of astrocytes and is responsible for preventing certain substances from entering the brain.
Neurotransmitters are produced in the cell body and released, typically at the axon terminal.
The neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic side, which is called reuptake.
The process whereby neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft through enzymatic breakdown is called enzymatic degradation.
Neural transmission uses electrical impulses to carry messages. The speed of these impulses is increased by myelin (the fatty substance around axons, and this is critically vital in spinal cord function.)
Electrical activity in neurons can be measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
Electrodes placed on the scalp are used to measure brain wave patterns for a technique called electroencephalography (EEG).
The resting potential of a neuron's membrane is measured at 70mV.
Neural transmission of information between synapses involves chemical signalling rather than electrical signalling in the synaptic cleft.
Different brain regions have specialized roles, e.g. frontal cortex for planning and higher cognitive functions.
There are different types of neuron cells that support the neuron, called glial cells.
Increased numbers of dendrites and spine density can be a result of specific behaviour, like education.
Glucocorticoid exposure decreases glial numbers.
The process whereby neurons are activated or deactivated, as the result of neurotransmitter's interaction with receptors, is called neurotransmission.
Electrical synapses involve direct connection between neurons.
Electrical synapses involve direct connection of neurons, whereas chemical synapses involves neurotransmitters.
Electrical synapses involve direct connection of neurons, while chemical synapses use specialized junctions.
Electrical synapses are much faster than chemical synapses.
Electrical synapses are more rapid than chemical synapses.
Electrical synapses are more rapid than chemical synapses.
The brain appears to have mainly parallel and serial systems for processing information.
The notion that sensory and motor functions are segregated in the nervous system was first put forward by Francois Magendie and David Bell.
Memory is thought to be located in the brain structures, such as the hippocampus, frontal lobes, and temporal lobes.
Changes in balance between excitation and inhibition are factors for various conditions, such as Tourette syndrome, Parkinson's disease and some aspects of stroke.
Individuals might either have an excessive amount of brain activity, or inadequate activity or simply be unable to perform certain actions as a result of brain injury
The brain's structure has an effect on the behaviour and actions of a person.
Increased brain size often corresponds to an increase in the complexity of behavior.
The brain has certain areas that are responsible for different tasks or functions.

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Explore the intricate relationships between brain size, intelligence, and cultural behaviors in this quiz. It covers fascinating topics such as the evolution of artistic expression, the origins of literacy, and the neurological control of language. Test your understanding of how intelligence varies across species and the brain's processing systems.