Psychology Chapter on Intellectual Functioning & ADHD
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical IQ range for individuals with below average intellectual functioning?

  • Below 70 (correct)
  • Above 100
  • 70-90
  • 80-100

The prevalence of below average intellectual functioning is higher in females than males.

False (B)

Name one genetic cause associated with below average intellectual functioning.

Down syndrome

Risk of having a baby with Down syndrome increases with __________.

<p>maternal age</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following causes of below average intellectual functioning with their descriptions:

<p>Prenatal = Exposure to disease or drug/toxin during pregnancy Perinatal = Difficulties during labor and delivery Postnatal = Head injury or exposure to toxins after birth Environmental = Deprivations and neglect during childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with the hyperactive-impulsive subtype of ADHD?

<p>Fails to give close attention to detail (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ADHD symptoms must be present by the age of 12 years.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence rate of ADHD in children?

<p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

ADHD symptoms are often viewed negatively and can lead to low self-esteem and ________ isolation.

<p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ADHD treatments with their descriptions:

<p>Stimulant medication = Ritalin and Dexedrine used to reduce symptoms Behavioral treatments = Programs using operant conditioning for reinforcement Parent training = Teaches parents about discipline strategies Teacher consultation = Daily behavior report cards and classroom management</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of biological treatments for ADHD?

<p>Reduce impulsivity and hyperactivity while improving attention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Girls are diagnosed with ADHD at a higher rate than boys.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children with ADHD is likely to have symptoms persist throughout their lives?

<p>68%</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of _______ in the brain has been implicated as a risk factor for ADHD.

<p>toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of the inattentive subtype of ADHD?

<p>Fails to follow through with instructions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the required order of treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>Parent training then medication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At least two of the following symptoms must be present for an Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnosis: stereotyped motor movements, insistence on sameness, hypo/hyperactivity to sensory input.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three categories of symptom impairment in social interaction for Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>Lack of emotional reciprocity, impaired nonverbal communicative behaviors, deficit in age-appropriate relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

By age 1, a child should be able to ______, ______, or make meaningful gestures.

<p>babble, point</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the symptom with its description:

<p>Echolalia = Stereotyped behavior of repeating phrases Pronoun reversal = Confusing pronouns in speech Language delays = Delay in developing spoken language Hyperactivity = Excessive movement or restlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children are likely to never develop effective spoken language?

<p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetics play a significant role in the risk of developing Autism Spectrum Disorder.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of integrated treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>Building community and social support for children and their families</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with intellectual disabilities may experience a wide range of ______.

<p>intelligence levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT associated with an increased risk of developing Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>High vaccination rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended sleep duration for young adults and adults?

<p>7-9 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Practicing good sleep hygiene includes using electronics right before bed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological therapy is considered the first line treatment for insomnia?

<p>CBT-I</p> Signup and view all the answers

A sleep environment should be cool, quiet, and ______.

<p>dark</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder with their descriptions:

<p>Tolerance = Need more of the substance to achieve the same effects Withdrawal = Physical symptoms that occur when stopping the substance Craving = Intense desire for the substance Impairment = Significant disruption to daily life due to substance use</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for substance use disorders?

<p>Low parental monitoring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Binge drinking is defined as having 5 or more drinks for men in about 2 hours.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of teens and adults in the US display substance use disorders?

<p>9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Over-the-counter sleep medications can lead to ______ insomnia.

<p>rebound</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of sleep aids with their characteristics:

<p>Agonist substitution = Safe drugs with a similar chemical composition to the abused drug Antagonist treatment = Drugs that block the positive effects of a substance Aversive treatment = Drugs that make substance use unpleasant Inpatient care = Structured help for withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)?

<p>Medication prescriptions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classical conditioning can negatively impact sleep by associating the bedroom with stress.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as a physical reaction to a substance?

<p>Substance intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anticipatory thoughts can make it ______ to sleep.

<p>hard</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for making a sleep environment comfortable?

<p>To ensure restful sleep (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by a significant distrust or suspiciousness of people?

<p>Paranoid personality disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Borderline personality disorder is primarily characterized by stability in interpersonal relationships and self-image.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?

<p>Disregard for the rights of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with __________ personality disorder exhibit excessive need for admiration and lack of empathy.

<p>narcissistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following personality disorders to their characteristics:

<p>Avoidant personality disorder = Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation Dependent personality disorder = Excessive need to be taken care of Obsessive compulsive personality disorder = Preoccupation with orderliness Histrionic personality disorder = Attention-seeking behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with the negative symptom cluster of schizophrenia?

<p>Hallucinations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dopamine hypothesis suggests that schizophrenia results from a deficiency of dopamine in the brain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Broca's area during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia?

<p>It is the most active area associated with speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

People with __________ personality disorders typically experience social inhibition and deep feelings of inadequacy.

<p>avoidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories with their descriptions related to antisocial personality disorder:

<p>Arousal theory = People seek stimulation to counteract under-arousal Fearlessness theory = Higher threshold for experiencing fear Genetic influences = Increased risk if parents have antisocial behavior Family influences = Inconsistent discipline linked to antisocial behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a treatment option for borderline personality disorder?

<p>Dialectical behavior therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia typically develops in late childhood or old age.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one positive symptom of schizophrenia.

<p>Delusions or hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

The key features of __________ personality disorder include patterns of excessive emotion and attention seeking.

<p>histrionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sleep Duration

The recommended amount of sleep for young adults and adults is 7-9 hours.

Sleep Hygiene

Healthy sleep habits that improve sleep quality and duration. Examples include consistent sleep schedule, bedtime routine, and a comfortable sleep environment.

Classical Conditioning and Sleep

Associating a specific environment, like your bedroom, with sleep can improve sleep quality. This is a form of classical conditioning where your environment becomes a cue for sleep.

Anticipatory Thoughts

Thoughts about future events, especially stressful ones, that can keep you awake.

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Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both, resulting in poor sleep quality.

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DSM-5TR Criteria for Insomnia

To be diagnosed with insomnia, a person must experience dissatisfaction with sleep quality, sleep disturbance causing daily distress, and sleep difficulties at least 3 nights a week for at least 3 months.

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CBT-I

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia, a first-line treatment for insomnia that focuses on changing thoughts and behaviors related to sleep.

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Stimulus Control Procedures

Treatment for insomnia focusing on reducing sleep-related anxiety by reassociating the bedroom with sleep and establishing a consistent sleep schedule.

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Transdiagnostic Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Intervention

A treatment that incorporates CBT-I elements and other interventions to manage sleep issues in adolescents and emerging adults.

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Substance Use

Moderate consumption of a substance without significant impairment to daily functioning.

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Substance Intoxication

The physical reaction to a substance, including altered perception, mood, and behavior.

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Substance Abuse

Use of a substance that leads to dangerous or harmful consequences, causing significant impairment in daily life.

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Substance Dependence

Using a substance regularly to function normally, often characterized by tolerance and withdrawal.

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Tolerance

Needing to consume more of a substance over time to achieve the same effects.

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Withdrawal

Physical and/or psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a substance or reduces their usage.

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

Characterized by persistent distrust and suspicion of others, believing their motives are malevolent.

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Schizoid Personality Disorder

Marked by detachment from social relationships, limited emotional expression, and lack of interest in intimacy.

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Involves social and interpersonal deficits, discomfort with close relationships, eccentric thoughts and behaviors.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

Characterized by disregard for social norms and the rights of others, exhibiting impulsive, deceitful, and reckless behaviors.

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Arousal Theory (ASPD)

Suggests that individuals with ASPD experience chronically low arousal and seek high-stimulation activities, even if risky or harmful.

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Fearlessness Theory (ASPD)

Proposes that ASPD individuals have a higher threshold for fear, making them less apprehensive about antisocial acts.

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Borderline Personality Disorder

Marked by instability in relationships, self-image, emotions, and impulsivity, often with intense fear of abandonment.

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Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

A therapy specifically designed for BPD, emphasizing acceptance of difficulties alongside the need for change.

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

Characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Involves a grandiose sense of self-importance, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

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Avoidant Personality Disorder

Marked by social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

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Dependent Personality Disorder

Characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of, submissive behaviors, and fear of separation.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Involves a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control at the expense of flexibility and efficiency.

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Ego-Syntonic

Describes personality disorders where individuals see their traits as part of their identity, not problematic.

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Schizophrenia

A severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, emotion, and behavior, including psychosis.

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Intellectual Disability

A developmental disorder characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual and adaptive functioning, typically evident in childhood, with an IQ score below 70.

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Prevalence of Intellectual Disability

Intellectual disability affects approximately 1-2% of the general population.

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Causes of Intellectual Disability

Intellectual disability can arise from a variety of factors, including environmental, prenatal, perinatal, postnatal, and genetic causes. Most cases have unknown causes.

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Down Syndrome

A genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome, resulting in intellectual disability and distinctive physical features.

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Fragile X Syndrome

A genetic condition caused by an abnormality on the X chromosome, causing intellectual disability, behavioral and learning difficulties.

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ADHD

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Symptoms must be present before age 12.

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ADHD Symptoms

To be diagnosed with ADHD, individuals must experience at least 6 symptoms of inattention and/or 6 symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity (5 for those over 17). These symptoms must last for at least 6 months and occur in at least 2 settings.

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Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD Subtype

Individuals with this subtype display symptoms like fidgeting, leaving their seats, running around, blurting out answers, interrupting, and difficulty waiting their turn.

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Inattentive ADHD Subtype

Individuals with this subtype experience difficulties with focus, attention to detail, following instructions, organizing, and remembering.

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Combined Presentation ADHD Subtype

Individuals with this presentation experience both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.

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ADHD Prevalence

Approximately 5% of children and 2.5% of adults are diagnosed with ADHD. Hyperactivity symptoms typically appear around ages 3-4.

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Gender Differences in ADHD

Boys are diagnosed with ADHD three times more often than girls.

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Biological Risk Factors for ADHD

Neurological differences, such as smaller brain volume and atypical frontal lobe development, are implicated in ADHD.

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Genetic Risk Factors for ADHD

Having a family history of ADHD increases the likelihood of being diagnosed with the disorder.

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Psychosocial Factors in ADHD

While psychosocial factors don't cause ADHD, how parents and teachers respond to ADHD behaviors can significantly impact symptom management.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities.

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Social Communication Impairment in ASD

Individuals with ASD often struggle with understanding and responding to social cues, engaging in reciprocal conversations, and forming meaningful relationships.

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Restricted, Repetitive Behaviors in ASD

People with ASD may have unusual and repetitive behaviors, such as repetitive movements, fixated interests, and intense reactions to sensory stimuli.

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Echolalia

A repetitive behavior in ASD where individuals repeat words or phrases they hear, often without understanding the meaning.

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Pronoun Reversal

A common language difficulty in ASD where individuals use 'you' instead of 'me,' and vice versa.

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Early Warning Signs of ASD

Signs of ASD can appear in the first year of life, including delayed babbling, pointing, and using meaningful gestures.

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Genetics and ASD

Genetics play a significant role in ASD, with identical twins having a much higher chance of both having ASD compared to fraternal twins.

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Amygdala and ASD

The amygdala, involved in emotions, may be larger at birth in individuals with later ASD diagnosis, which can correlate with higher anxiety and fear.

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Psychosocial Behavioral Treatments for ASD

These treatments aim to enhance skills, reduce problem behaviors, and address communication and socialization challenges.

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Integrated Treatments for ASD

A preferred approach that addresses the multifaceted needs of individuals with ASD, including family, school, and community support.

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Study Notes

Healthy Sleep & Insomnia

  • Sleep Duration Recommendations: Young adults and adults require 7-9 hours of sleep.
  • Sleep Satisfaction: Consider if 7 hours of sleep is enough to feel rested, and if any underlying health issues or sleep problems exist, or if caffeine is needed.
  • Healthy Sleep Hygiene:
    • Maintain a consistent sleep schedule.
    • Establish a relaxing bedtime routine (e.g., reading, coloring, journaling).
    • Avoid naps.
    • Create a cool, quiet, and dark bedroom environment.
    • Don't use electronics before bed as electronics can interfere with sleep.
  • Classical Conditioning: Repeatedly associating bed with work can make it harder to fall asleep.
  • Thoughts and Cognitions: Worrying about sleep can worsen sleep problems.
  • Insomnia: Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, as per the DSM5TR criteria.
  • Prevalence of Insomnia: 6-10% of the population experiences symptoms that fulfill the criteria for insomnia.

First Line of Treatment for Insomnia

  • CBT-I: Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia; involves sleep hygiene, and good sleep habits
  • Stimulus Control Procedures: Techniques to reduce anxiety associated with sleep, establishing a sleep schedule, and associating the bedroom solely with sleep as part of sleep hygiene.

Medication Treatments for Insomnia

  • Over-the-counter sleep aids: Not the first line of treatment.
  • Benzodiazepines: Can cause excessive sleepiness and dependency; best use as a short-term solution.

Substance Use Disorders

  • Substance Use: Taking moderate amounts of a substance that doesn't interfere with daily functioning.
  • Substance Abuse: Use that's dangerous and causes substantial impairment.
  • Tolerance: Need for larger amounts of the substance to achieve the same effects.
  • Withdrawal: Physical symptoms from discontinuing substance use.

Binge Drinking

  • Pattern: Drinking 4 or 5 drinks in about 2 hours for women, or 5 or more for men
  • Risks & Casual Factors: Significant component of alcohol consumption by youth. Genetics and family history contribute.
  • Impact of Drugs: Drugs may affect the pleasure or reward centers of the brain.

Social and Cultural Factors

  • Exposure to drugs is necessary for families, peers and cultural factors.
  • Low parental monitoring often associates with use of substances

Treatments for Substance Use Disorders

  • Biological Treatments: This includes agonist substitution (safe drugs with similar chemical composition as the abused drug).
  • Antagonist Treatments: Drugs used to block or counteract the positive effects of the substance.
  • Aversive Treatments: Drugs that make use of substances unpleasant.
  • Psychosocial Treatments: Techniques such as inpatient care, used for those who need help with withdrawal; outpatient care for those who don't require inpatient care; and community support programs like Alcoholics Anonymous.

Personality Disorders

  • Cluster A: Odd or eccentric disorders, such as paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
  • Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, and erratic disorders (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorder).
  • Cluster C: Anxious or fearful disorders including avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
  • Criminality: Antisocial personality disorder is not the same as criminality; some people with antisocial personality disorder function well in society.
  • Borderline Personality Disorder: Instability, self-image, affect, and control over impulses.

Schizophrenia

  • Diagnostic criteria: Serious disturbances in thoughts, emotions, and behavior.
  • Three symptom clusters:
    • Positive Symptoms: Active manifestations of abnormal behavior (delusions, hallucinations).
    • Negative Symptoms: Absence or insufficiency of normal behavior (flat affect, avolition).
    • Disorganized Symptoms: Disorganized speech (tangentiality, loose associations, word salad), thoughts, and behaviors.

ADHD

  • Central features: Inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity.
  • Symptoms must be present before age 12.
  • Diagnostic criteria: 6+ symptoms of inattention and/or 6+ symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

  • Symptoms Categories:
    • Social interaction and communication impairment
    • Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior or interests
  • Must show all three symptoms
    • Lack of emotional reciprocity
    • Deficit in nonverbal communicative behaviors
    • Defecits in age-appropriate relationships

Intellectual Development Disorder (IDD)

  • Overview: Below average intellectual and adaptive functioning.
  • IQ: Typically below 70.
  • Prevalence: Occurs across 1-2% of the general population
  • Causes:
    • Environmental: (Depravation, malnutrition, abuse, neglect).
    • Prenatal: (Exposure to disease or a toxin).
    • Perinatal: (Difficulty during labor and delivery).
    • Postnatal: (Head injury, toxins).
    • Genetic: (Chromosomal abnormalities, Fragile X syndrome)

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to below average intellectual functioning and ADHD, examining symptoms, prevalence rates, and treatments. Test your knowledge on genetic influences and the gender differences in diagnoses. It's a comprehensive review for psychology students.

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