Psychology Chapter on Hypnosis

Questions and Answers

What is a major risk associated with using hypnosis to retrieve memories?

It permanently blocks painful memories.

It enhances the accuracy of existing memories.

It might create false memories. (correct)

It can result in improved memory recall.

Which theory suggests that hypnotism is an extreme form of divided consciousness?

Reflection Theory

Attention Theory

Inhibition Theory

Dissociation Theory (correct)

What brain activity is typically increased during deep meditation?

Gamma waves

Theta waves (correct)

Delta waves

Beta waves

Which is a common effect of depressants like alcohol?

Slowed cognitive functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of benzodiazepines in the brain?

They enhance the brain's response to GABA. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the effects of meditation?

It trains people to focus their attention. Signup and view all the answers

Which is a potential side effect of using barbiturates?

Diminished judgment and memory Signup and view all the answers

What type of brain waves are associated with light meditation?

Alpha waves Signup and view all the answers

Which hemisphere of the brain is more active in response to positive emotions?

Left hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the incident with Phineas Gage's prefrontal cortex have on his behavior?

He became rude and behaved inappropriately Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Sympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the physiological changes associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

Pupils dilate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of emotion?

Cultural influences Signup and view all the answers

How did Paul Ekman contribute to our understanding of emotions?

Identified six universal emotions Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the emotions that Paul Ekman identified as universal?

They are recognized globally Signup and view all the answers

In the context of left and right hemisphere activity, what correlation can be drawn about social behavior in children?

Isolated children show increased right brain activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hyperflexia as described?

Activation of muscle stretch reflex Signup and view all the answers

What response is expected when stimulating the plantar reflex in a normal adult?

Toes flex downwards Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathways is primarily responsible for conveying pain and temperature sensations?

Somatosensory tracts for pain and temperature Signup and view all the answers

What function is primarily associated with the occipital lobe?

Vision processing Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is mainly involved in coordinating balance and movement?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What role does the brainstem serve in relation to other parts of the brain?

Connects all parts of the brain together Signup and view all the answers

What kind of information does the middle part of the cerebellum primarily coordinate?

Middle body movement and walking Signup and view all the answers

What function is associated with the reticular formation found in the brainstem?

Regulating autonomic functions Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the thalamus in the brain?

Relay sensory information Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with excitatory functions in the brain?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily involved in the control of the pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What method involves the deliberate creation of brain lesions to study behavioral changes?

Lesion studies Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by the locus ceruleus?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical method for creating brain lesions?

Magnetic resonance imaging Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for playing a major role in motor functions but does not contain upper motor neurons?

Basal ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What does a heritability estimate of h2 = 99% imply in an environment-controlled study?

Differences in intelligence are almost entirely due to genetic factors. Signup and view all the answers

How do gene-environment interactions impact individual behavior?

They show that environmental factors can activate or suppress genetic traits. Signup and view all the answers

What role do regulatory genes play in genetics?

They regulate how proteins are coded within the DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adding methyl groups to a gene?

It inhibits the activation of the gene by transcription factors. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of phenylketonuria (PKU), how does dietary intervention help?

It prevents the accumulation of harmful levels of phenylalanine. Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes the study of heritable traits influenced by the environment?

Epigenetics. Signup and view all the answers

What does the central dogma of genetics primarily describe?

How DNA dictates protein synthesis through RNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of how physical appearance can influence social behavior?

Physically attractive individuals often receive more social attention. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hypnosis and Memory

Hypnosis can retrieve memories but is risky due to the malleability of memories, potentially creating false memories.
Dissociation Theory: Hypnosis represents a unique form of divided consciousness.
Social Influence Theory: Individuals act according to expectations, akin to actors in roles.
Hypnosis may refocus attention, aiding in pain treatment by reducing sensory processing activity.

Meditation

Meditation trains self-regulation of attention and awareness; can be guided or free-form.
Light meditation shows increased alpha wave activity; deep meditation increases theta waves.
Regular deep meditation correlates with heightened activity in the prefrontal cortex, right hippocampus, and right anterior insula, enhancing attention control.
Beneficial for individuals with ADHD and aging populations.

Psychoactive Drugs

Depressants: Reduce body functions and neural activity; common examples include alcohol, which impairs REM sleep and memory.
Barbiturates: Induce sleep and alleviate anxiety, but lead to side effects like impaired memory and judgement.
Benzodiazepines: Common sleep aids and anti-anxiety medications; enhance GABA's effects, making neurons more negatively charged.

Emotion and the Brain

Positive emotions typically activate the left hemisphere while negative emotions activate the right.
Children exhibiting higher social interaction show more activity in the left hemisphere.
Changed behavior and physiological responses reflect emotional experience.
Paul Ekman identified six universal emotions: happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise.

Cerebral Cortex Functions

Frontal Lobe: Involved in motor functions, executive control, and language (Broca's area).
Parietal Lobe: Processes somatosensory information and spatial manipulation.
Occipital Lobe: Responsible for vision.
Temporal Lobe: Handles auditory processing and language comprehension (Wernicke's area).

Brain Structures

Cerebellum: Coordinates movement, integrates motor plans and position sensations; different regions manage various body movements.
Brainstem: Connects brain parts; includes midbrain, pons, and medulla, controlling autonomic functions and cranial nerves.

Subcortical Cerebrum

Internal Capsule: Contains essential pathways including the corticospinal tract.
Corpus Callosum: Connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Basal Ganglia: Plays a crucial role in initiating proper motor movements and integrates cognitive functions.
Thalamus: Acts as a sensory relay and is involved in cognition and emotion regulation.
Hypothalamus: Regulates the pituitary gland, controlling other endocrine glands in the body.

Neurotransmitter Functions

Glutamate: Primary excitatory neurotransmitter, crucial for consciousness.
GABA and Glycine: Main inhibitory neurotransmitters.
Acetylcholine: Important for muscle movement and autonomic nervous system functions.
Histamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Dopamine: Each plays distinct roles in mood, arousal, and various bodily functions.

Lesion Studies

Involves creating lesions in animal brains to observe behavioral changes; not applicable to humans.
Assesses genetic influence on intelligence, indicating that environmental and genetic interactions shape intelligence levels.

Gene-Environment Interactions

Nature vs. nurture debate; environmental factors can affect gene expression and overall behavior.
Phenylketonia: Genetic mutation affecting enzyme production, treatable with dietary changes.

Regulatory Genes and Epigenetics

Central dogma: DNA → RNA → Proteins; epigenetics involves changes to gene expression without altering DNA.
Most genes regulate protein coding and affect behavior rather than coding for proteins themselves.

Adaptive Value of Behavioral Traits

Behaviors contribute to maintaining homeostasis and overall functioning.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of hypnosis as a psychological phenomenon. Learn about its theories, the potential dangers of retrieving memories, and its role in pain management. This quiz will test your understanding of dissociation and social influence theories related to hypnosis.