Psychology Chapter on Human Needs and Motivation

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Questions and Answers

Which need is at the base of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Esteem

Self-actualization

Physiological (correct)

Safety

What primarily drives motivation according to Drive Theory?

Expected outcomes of actions

Functional use of resources

Social recognition

Reduction of internal tension (correct)

Which term describes the smallest difference in stimulus intensity detectable by a person?

Adaptation

Absolute Threshold

Perceptual Defense

Differential Threshold (JND) (correct)

What does the Mere Exposure Effect indicate?

Preference increases with familiarity Signup and view all the answers

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Model, what level of arousal leads to optimal attention and performance?

Moderate arousal Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motivation focuses on the practical use of something?

Utilitarian motivation Signup and view all the answers

What principle states that the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus?

Weber’s Law Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process of focusing selectively on specific stimuli?

Attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the main process involved in classical conditioning?

Learning through association between stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?

Removing an adverse condition to strengthen a behavior Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes procedural memory from declarative memory?

Procedural memory focuses on skills and actions, whereas declarative focuses on facts and events Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is NOT typically used for improving memory retention?

Dissociation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the primacy and recency effects on memory?

They enhance the ability to remember both the first and last items in a series. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Atkinson-Shiffrin model describe?

The processes involved in memory storage and retrieval Signup and view all the answers

Under Freudian theory, personality is primarily influenced by which factor?

Unconscious desires and childhood experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of cognitive dissonance?

Mental discomfort from conflicting beliefs that motivates change Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A five-tier model of human needs, arranged in a pyramid: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
Individuals strive to fulfill basic needs before progressing to higher-level ones.

Motivation

The driving force behind actions aimed at satisfying needs and desires.
Benefits can be hedonic (pleasure-oriented) or utilitarian (functionality-oriented).
Drive theory emphasizes reducing internal tension from unmet needs.
Expectancy theory focuses on goal-directed behavior influenced by expected outcomes and their perceived value.

Perception

Sensation: Initial detection of stimuli by sensory receptors.
Exposure: Contact with environmental stimuli.
Absolute threshold: Minimum stimulus intensity for 50% detection.
Differential threshold (JND): Smallest detectable difference in stimulus intensity.
Weber's Law: JND is proportional to the original stimulus intensity.
Mere exposure effect: Preference development through familiarity.
Attention: Selective focus on specific stimuli.
Perceptual vigilance: Noticing needs-relevant stimuli.
Perceptual defense: Ignoring or distorting threatening stimuli.
Attention likelihood: Influenced by novelty, contrast, size, and personal relevance.
Yerkes-Dodson Model: Inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal, attention, and performance.
Adaptation: Decreased sensitivity to prolonged stimuli.
Interpretation: Assigning meaning to stimuli based on experiences and context.
Congruency effects: Favourable interpretation of belief-consistent information.

Learning and Memory

Learning processes: Intentional (conscious) vs. incidental (passive).
Classical conditioning: Learning through association; a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful one.
Stimulus generalization: Similar responses to similar stimuli.
Stimulus discrimination: Differentiating between similar stimuli.
Extinction: Weakening of a learned response due to lack of reinforcement.
Operant conditioning: Learning through consequences (reinforcement/punishment).
Positive reinforcement: Adding something desirable to increase behavior.
Negative reinforcement: Removing something undesirable to increase behavior.
Punishment: Adding or removing something to decrease behavior.
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: Memory involves sensory, short-term, and long-term stores.
Sensory memory: Brief storage of sensory information.
Short-term memory: Temporary storage for immediate use.
Long-term memory: Long-lasting storage of information.
Declarative memory: Facts and events (episodic and semantic).
Procedural memory: Skills and actions.
Memory techniques: Chunking, rehearsal, encoding, recirculation, retrieval.
Recognition: Identifying information when presented.
Recall: Retrieving information without cues.
Primacy and recency effects: Better recall of first and last items in a series.
Nostalgic marketing: Using positive past memories to connect with products/brands.

The Self

Cognitive dissonance: Discomfort from conflicting beliefs, motivating resolution.
Personality theories: Frameworks for understanding personality development and behavior.
Freudian theory: Personality shaped by unconscious desires and childhood experiences.
Trait theory: Focuses on identifying consistent personality traits.
Anthropomorphism: Attributing human characteristics to non-human entities.
Self-image congruence models: Consumer choices aligning with self-image.

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Description

Explore Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, the driving forces behind motivation, and the processes of perception. This quiz delves into the layers of human needs, the theories of motivation, and key concepts of sensation and perception. Test your understanding of these fundamental psychological principles.