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What is one consequence of secure attachment in children?
What is one consequence of secure attachment in children?
Children's understanding of gender becomes more rigid as they grow older.
Children's understanding of gender becomes more rigid as they grow older.
False
What is the 'strange situation' test used to determine?
What is the 'strange situation' test used to determine?
Attachment styles in children
Lev Vygotsky's proposal underscores that a child's mind develops through _____ interaction.
Lev Vygotsky's proposal underscores that a child's mind develops through _____ interaction.
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Match the following attachment styles to their characteristics:
Match the following attachment styles to their characteristics:
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Which of the following is a method used to promote cognitive development in children, according to Vygotsky?
Which of the following is a method used to promote cognitive development in children, according to Vygotsky?
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The children of neglectful mothers typically show strong attachment behaviors.
The children of neglectful mothers typically show strong attachment behaviors.
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At what age do children typically develop a sense of gender identity?
At what age do children typically develop a sense of gender identity?
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What is the primary psychosocial crisis during adolescence according to Erik Erikson?
What is the primary psychosocial crisis during adolescence according to Erik Erikson?
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Erik Erikson believes that forming a sense of identity is not essential during adolescence.
Erik Erikson believes that forming a sense of identity is not essential during adolescence.
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Name the four identity statuses proposed by James Marcia.
Name the four identity statuses proposed by James Marcia.
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During the stage of _____, individuals face the challenge of establishing intimate bonds of love and friendship.
During the stage of _____, individuals face the challenge of establishing intimate bonds of love and friendship.
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Match each developmental stage with its corresponding psychosocial crisis:
Match each developmental stage with its corresponding psychosocial crisis:
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What is one characteristic of emerging adulthood as defined in the content?
What is one characteristic of emerging adulthood as defined in the content?
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Erikson's developmental stages suggest that feelings of despair often come from looking back over one's life.
Erikson's developmental stages suggest that feelings of despair often come from looking back over one's life.
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What does social identity refer to?
What does social identity refer to?
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What is the primary mechanism for establishing attachment in early life according to Konrad Lorenz?
What is the primary mechanism for establishing attachment in early life according to Konrad Lorenz?
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Separation anxiety is typically absent in infants when they are away from their caregivers.
Separation anxiety is typically absent in infants when they are away from their caregivers.
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What is the concept that involves using others' facial expressions to inform one's reaction in a situation?
What is the concept that involves using others' facial expressions to inform one's reaction in a situation?
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Harry Harlow's experiment demonstrated that infant monkeys prefer _____ over a bare wire mother.
Harry Harlow's experiment demonstrated that infant monkeys prefer _____ over a bare wire mother.
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According to Bowlby, what is the main factor that allows children to become attached to caregivers?
According to Bowlby, what is the main factor that allows children to become attached to caregivers?
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Match the following theorists with their contributions to attachment theory:
Match the following theorists with their contributions to attachment theory:
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Which stage of Kohlberg's moral reasoning involves the adherence to rules to gain rewards or avoid punishment?
Which stage of Kohlberg's moral reasoning involves the adherence to rules to gain rewards or avoid punishment?
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Erikson's theory of identity formation suggests that adolescence is a time solely focused on emotional development.
Erikson's theory of identity formation suggests that adolescence is a time solely focused on emotional development.
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Study Notes
Erikson's Theory of Identity
- Erik Erikson believed that adolescents grapple with forming a sense of identity.
- James Marcia expanded on this with 4 identity statuses: Foreclosure, Moratorium, Identity Diffusion, and Identity Achievement.
Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
- Erikson's theory of psychosocial development outlines 8 stages from infancy to later years, each with a specific developmental task and psychosocial crisis.
Infancy (0 to ½ years)
- Developmental Task: Attachment to mother, laying the foundation for future trust.
- Psychosocial Crisis: Trust versus mistrust.
Early childhood (1½ to 3 years)
- Developmental Task: Gaining control over oneself and environment, e.g., toilet training and exploration.
- Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy versus shame and doubt.
Preschool (3 to 6 years)
- Developmental Task: Becoming purposeful and directive.
- Psychosocial Crisis: Initiative versus guilt.
School age (6 years to puberty)
- Developmental Task: Developing social, physical, and school skills.
- Psychosocial Crisis: Competence versus inferiority.
Adolescence
- Developmental Task: Transitioning from childhood to adulthood, establishing a sense of identity.
- Psychosocial Crisis: Identity versus role confusion.
Adulthood
- Developmental Task: Forming intimate bonds of love and friendship.
- Psychosocial Crisis: Intimacy versus isolation.
Middle age
- Developmental Task: Fulfilling life goals, developing concerns for future generations.
- Psychosocial Crisis: Productivity versus stagnation.
Later years
- Developmental Task: Reflecting on one's life and accepting its meaning.
- Psychosocial Crisis: Integrity versus despair.
Social Identity
- Social identity is rooted in group memberships and provides a sense of belonging.
Emerging Adulthood (18 to 25 years)
- This period focuses on completing education, achieving financial independence, and establishing careers and families.
Attachment
- Attachment is a strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver, crucial for safety and exploration.
- Harlow's monkey studies emphasized the importance of contact comfort over nourishment.
- Bowlby's theory highlights the survival value of attachment for infants.
Separation Anxiety
- This distress experienced when separated from caregivers is a natural part of attachment development.
Imprinting
- In some animals, attachment occurs through imprinting, a simple process of attaching to the first moving object seen.
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation Test
- This test identified three attachment styles in children: Secure, Insecure/avoidant, and Insecure/ambivalent.
Long-Term Consequences of Attachment Styles
- Securely attached infants tend to be more socially appealing, skilled, and successful in various domains.
- Secure attachment is associated with less anxiety and behavioral problems in childhood and adolescence.
Vygotsky's Sociocultural View of Development
- Vygotsky believed that children learn through social interaction with knowledgeable others.
Scaffolding
- This process actively challenges and supports children in developing skills beyond their current capabilities.
Gender Development in Childhood
- Children develop gender schemas through socialization from various sources like media, toys, parents, and peers.
- Gender identity usually develops by age 3 and often involves rigid thinking about gender roles.
- By elementary school, children's understanding of gender becomes less rigid.
Early Social and Emotional Understanding
- Infants are drawn to human faces and respond to facial expressions.
- Between 4 and 7 months, they can distinguish happy, sad, and angry expressions.
- Social referencing involves using others' facial expressions to guide behavior.
- Infants learn to predict others' behavior based on their actions.
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Description
Explore Erik Erikson's groundbreaking theory of psychosocial development which outlines eight stages individuals go through from infancy to maturity. Understand the developmental tasks and psychosocial crises associated with each stage, as well as the identity statuses introduced by James Marcia. This quiz will test your knowledge of key concepts and stages within Erikson's model.
