Psychology Chapter on Emotions and Development

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor influencing emotional expressions according to the concept of nature versus nurture?

  • Environmental factors only
  • Cultural norms solely
  • Genetic predispositions alone
  • Both cultural norms and biological predispositions (correct)

At what age do infants typically begin to display basic emotions such as happiness and sadness?

  • By 6 months (correct)
  • By 3 months
  • Immediately at birth
  • By 12 months

Which of the following is NOT one of Erikson's psychosocial dilemmas?

  • Intimacy vs. Isolation
  • Identity vs. Role Confusion
  • Trust vs. Mistrust
  • Emotion vs. Logic (correct)

What emotional need is defined as the requirement for positive relationships and care?

<p>Affectional Needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional expression develops through a child's ability to identify feelings in others by 36–48 months?

<p>Non-basic emotions like guilt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the 'Positivity Effect' observed in older adults?

<p>Increased focus on positive experiences and memories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of attachment is characterized by an infant being upset by the caregiver's absence and seeking comfort upon their return?

<p>Secure Attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change in emotional intensity is typically observed during adolescence?

<p>Greater emotional intensity and sensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Dunning-Kruger Effect primarily associated with?

<p>Overestimating one’s skills despite incompetence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Fusiform Face Area play in the brain?

<p>Recognizes familiar faces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does Theory of Mind typically begin to develop?

<p>4 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines object permanence?

<p>Understanding that objects remain present regardless of visibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by increased amygdala activity in PTSD patients?

<p>Heightened emotional response to trauma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does expertise influence the learning process?

<p>It enhances understanding and makes processes automatic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a neuron is inactive due to a negative charge inside?

<p>Resting potential (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is presented by optimistic bias in individuals?

<p>Overestimating their competence in tasks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of dominant genes is important in genetics?

<p>They overshadow the expression of recessive genes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of teratogens on fetal development?

<p>They can lead to birth defects such as fetal alcohol syndrome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of deprivation affect a child's development?

<p>It may lead to emotional damages and developmental disabilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of methylation on gene expression?

<p>It inhibits transcription, silencing gene expression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex assists infants in finding food?

<p>Rooting Reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cephalocaudal development refer to?

<p>Development progressing from head to toe. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can newborns typically start detecting shapes and colors?

<p>By 6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Infant Emotional Expressions

Infants begin with general excitement and develop basic emotions by 6 months (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust).

Emotional Interpretation (36-48 months)

Children at 36-48 months start to understand and interpret other people's emotions.

Nature vs. Nurture (Emotions)

Emotional expressions are influenced by culture and biology.

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Erikson's stages describe conflicts between personal desires and social expectations throughout life (trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, etc.).

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Attachment

Emotional bond between infants and caregivers.

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Secure Attachment

Infants are distressed by caregiver's absence, but readily comforted upon their return.

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Kubler-Ross Stages of Grief

Five stages describe common emotional reactions to death and loss (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance).

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Positivity Effect (Later Life)

Older adults tend to focus on positive experiences and memories.

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Recessive Genes

Genes that are overpowered by dominant genes, needing two copies for their expression.

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Epigenetics

The interaction between genes and the environment influencing development, altering how DNA is read.

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Methylation

A process of methyl groups attaching to genes, preventing them from being expressed.

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Sensitive Period

A period of heightened susceptibility to environmental influences during development.

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Cephalocaudal Development

Development starting at the head and progressing downwards to the toes.

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Proximodistal Development

Development progressing from the center of the body outwards to the extremities.

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Moro Reflex

An infant's hugging motion in response to sudden movement or noise.

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Grasping Reflex

An infant's reflex to grasp objects that touch their palm.

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False Memory

A memory that is not real, but is believed to be true. It can be implanted through suggestion or repeated exposure to false information.

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Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible.

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Conservation

The understanding that the properties of matter, like quantity or volume, remain the same even if the shape or appearance changes.

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Theory of Mind (ToM)

The ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, and feelings different from our own.

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Expertise

Skilled knowledge and abilities based on extensive experience and learning.

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Dunning-Kruger Effect

Incompetent individuals often overestimate their abilities and fail to recognize their lack of competence.

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Neuron

A specialized cell in the brain that receives, processes, and transmits information using electrical and chemical signals.

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Amygdala and PTSD

The amygdala, responsible for processing emotional information, shows increased activity in people with PTSD when exposed to trauma-related stimuli.

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Study Notes

Nature vs. Nurture and Emotional Expression

  • The nature versus nurture debate centers on the relative contributions of innate biological factors and environmental experiences in shaping emotional expression.

Infant Emotions

  • Infants typically begin displaying basic emotions like happiness and sadness around the age of 4-6 months.

Erikson's Psychosocial Dilemmas

  • Identity vs. Role Confusion is NOT one of Erikson's psychosocial dilemmas.

Emotional Needs

  • The emotional need for affiliation, defined as the requirement for positive relationships and care, plays a crucial role in human development.

Empathy Development

  • Empathy, the ability to identify feelings in others, emerges around 36–48 months.

Positivity Effect

  • The Positivity Effect, observed in older adults, reflects an increased focus on and recall of positive experiences compared to negative ones.

Attachment Styles

  • Secure attachment is characterized by an infant being upset by the caregiver's absence and seeking comfort upon their return.

Emotional Changes in Adolescence

  • Adolescence often involves an intensification of emotions, leading to more dramatic and extreme emotional responses.

Dunning-Kruger Effect

  • The Dunning-Kruger Effect primarily relates to an individual's overestimation of their abilities, particularly in areas where they lack expertise.

Fusiform Face Area

  • The Fusiform Face Area (FFA) is a brain region specialized in processing visual information related to facial recognition.

Theory of Mind Development

  • Theory of Mind, the understanding that others have different beliefs and perspectives, typically begins to develop around the age of 4-5 years.

Object Permanence

  • Object permanence, the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it's out of sight, is a foundational concept in cognitive development.

Amygdala and PTSD

  • Increased activity in the amygdala, a brain structure involved in processing fear and threat, is a characteristic finding in individuals diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Expertise and Learning

  • Expertise can significantly enhance the learning process by allowing individuals to process information more efficiently and make connections more readily.

Neuron Inactivity

  • Hyperpolarization refers to the process where a neuron is inactive due to a negative charge inside.

Optimistic Bias Challenges

  • Optimistic bias, a tendency to overestimate positive outcomes, can present challenges by leading individuals to underestimate risks.

Dominant Gene Characteristics

  • Dominant genes exert their influence even when paired with a recessive gene.

Teratogens and Fetal Development

  • Teratogens, substances that can harm a developing fetus, can have significant and long-lasting impacts on fetal development, potentially causing physical and cognitive impairments.

Deprivation and Development

  • Deprivation, particularly in early childhood, can have detrimental effects on a child's development, impacting emotional, social, and cognitive growth.

Methylation and Gene Expression

  • Methylation, a biochemical process, can modify gene expression, influencing the activity of genes without altering the underlying DNA sequence.

Rooting Reflex

  • The rooting reflex, present in infants, helps them find food by turning their head towards a stimulus that touches their cheek.

Cephalocaudal Development

  • Cephalocaudal development refers to the pattern of physical growth that progresses from the head downward.

Infant Shape and Color Perception

  • Newborns typically begin detecting shapes and colors around the age of 2-3 months.

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