Psychology Chapter 6: Emotional Development
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of emotions in communication?

  • To express individual beliefs
  • To enhance cognitive development
  • To regulate playtime activities
  • To organize physical behavior (correct)
  • At what age do primary emotions typically begin to appear in humans?

  • At birth
  • Within the first month
  • Within the first 6 months (correct)
  • After 6 months
  • What distinguishes self-conscious emotions from primary emotions?

  • They are only present in humans.
  • They require self-awareness and consciousness. (correct)
  • They emerge earlier in life.
  • They are exclusively negative emotions.
  • Which type of cry is primarily used to signal hunger in newborns?

    <p>Basic cry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reaction of infants that indicates fear of strangers?

    <p>Separation protest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes the temperament of an 'Easy Child' according to Chess and Thomas’ classification?

    <p>Adapt easily to new experiences and is generally in a positive mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reflexive smile, and when does it typically appear?

    <p>A non-external response during sleep appearing in the first month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a 'Difficult Child' based on Chess and Thomas’ classification?

    <p>Cries frequently and is slow to accept change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotion is NOT classified as a primary emotion?

    <p>Jealousy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of crying is characterized by a long, loud initial cry followed by breath holding?

    <p>Pain cry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary basis for establishing trust in infants?

    <p>Physical comfort and sensitive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does an infant primarily distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people?

    <p>Phase 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attachment is characterized by an infant who avoids the caregiver?

    <p>Insecure Avoidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of caregiver behavior is typically associated with securely attached babies?

    <p>Sensitive and consistently available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observable behavior might indicate an insecure disorganized attachment style in infants?

    <p>Showing confusion and fear around the caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the developmental cascade model interpret differences in attachment?

    <p>Through connections across different developmental domains over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does oxytocin play in attachment between mother and infant?

    <p>Promotes bonding through contact and warmth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which caregiving style is linked to insecure resistant attachment?

    <p>Inconsistent and lacking affection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of reciprocal socialization imply?

    <p>Socialization occurs in both directions between parents and children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one aspect of scaffolding in parental behavior?

    <p>Timing interactions for turn-taking experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the match between a child’s temperament and the demands of their environment?

    <p>Goodness of Fit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dimension of temperament involves the ability to manage high arousal and maintain self-regulation?

    <p>Effortful Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Jerome Kagan, which type of child would likely react to unfamiliar situations with distress or avoidance?

    <p>Inhibited Children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage, proposed by Erik Erikson, emphasizes the importance of trust vs. mistrust in infants?

    <p>Trust vs. Mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension of temperament reflects a child's emotional stability and reactions such as fear and frustration?

    <p>Negative Affectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'mirror technique' assess in infants?

    <p>Self-Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of child is described as capable of easily adjusting to new environments but can become distressed in the face of frustration?

    <p>Effortful Control Children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the ability for infants to engage in 'joint attention' typically begin to emerge?

    <p>7 to 8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of play increases between 18 and 24 months as children start to imitate one another?

    <p>Reciprocal Play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes infants' ability to interpret emotional cues from others to navigate social situations?

    <p>Social Referencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological aspect is closely related to a child's temperament according to contemporary views?

    <p>Biological Influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of autonomy during the second year of an infant's life according to Erik Erikson?

    <p>It is critical for developing independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of child is likely to show behaviors of high pleasure, activity, and sociability?

    <p>Extraverted Children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At approximately what age do signs of self-recognition in infants typically begin to emerge?

    <p>15 to 18 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Emotion

    • Emotion indicates feelings or affects crucial to a person's well-being.
    • Plays roles in communication, behavior organization, and can be positive (joy, love) or negative (anxiety, guilt).

    Behavioral, Cognitive, and Environmental Influences of Emotions

    • Biology: Brain development influences emotional capacity; infants learn to regulate emotions over time.
    • Cognitive: Attention can sway emotional responses in infants and children.
    • Social Relationships: Contexts for emotional variety development.
    • Cultural Differences: Variability in emotional experiences across cultures.

    Early Emotions

    • Distinction between primary (early) and self-conscious emotions.
    • Primary Emotions: Present in humans and animals, emerging within the first 6 months; include joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.
    • Self-Conscious Emotions: Require self-awareness; include jealousy, empathy, pride, and guilt.

    Emotional Expression and Social Relationships

    • Crying: Primary communication method for newborns, indicating needs such as hunger or pain; includes basic, angry, and pain cries with distinctive patterns.
    • Smiling: Critical social signal; includes reflexive smiles (unconscious) and social smiles (responses to stimuli like faces).
    • Fear: Emerges around 6 months, often as stranger anxiety or separation protest.

    Temperament

    • Chess and Thomas’ Classification:
      • Easy child: positive mood, regular routines, adaptable.
      • Difficult child: negative reactions, irregular routines.
      • Slow-to-warm-up child: low activity, somewhat negative disposition.
    • Jerome Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition: Focuses on shyness; inhibited children avoid unfamiliarity.
    • Mary Rothbart and John Bates’ Classification: Adds 'effortful control' to temperament styles, including extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and self-regulation.

    Biological Foundations of Temperament

    • Temperament stems from both physiological characteristics and environmental influences; it evolves through self-perception and behavioral preferences.

    Goodness of Fit and Parenting

    • Goodness of fit refers to how well a child's temperament aligns with environmental demands; poor fit can lead to adjustment issues.

    Personality Development

    • Emotions and temperament are foundational to personality.
    • Trust develops in the first stage of Erikson's model through consistent care.
    • Self-recognition emerges through the mirror technique, observed in infants around 15 to 18 months.
    • Independence develops during the second year, relating to autonomy versus shame and doubt.

    Social Orientation/Understanding

    • Infants are naturally drawn to social interactions, improving understanding of emotions and cultural context.
    • Joint attention and social referencing develop, aiding in social engagement and responding to emotional cues.

    Attachment and Its Development

    • Attachment is a significant emotional bond influenced by caregivers.
    • Freud: Oral satisfaction as a basis for attachment.
    • Harlow: Importance of comfort via the cloth monkey experiment.
    • Bowlby: Biological predisposition for attachment and phases of attachment formation from birth to 24 months.

    Individual Differences in Attachment

    • The Strange Situation assesses attachment styles: securely attached, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant, and insecure disorganized.
    • Securely attached infants explore freely, while insecurely avoidant ones display minimal interaction and resistance.

    Caregiving Styles and Attachment

    • Secure attachment arises from responsive caregiving, while avoidant attachment is linked to rejection and inconsistency.
    • Disorganized attachment often correlates with neglect or abuse.

    Developmental Social Neuroscience and Attachment

    • Oxytocin: Essential hormone in maternal-infant bonding during breastfeeding.
    • Dopamine: Involvement in the rewarding feelings experienced by mothers during caregiving activities.

    The Family

    • Reciprocal Socialization: Mutual influence between parents and children.
    • Scaffolding: Parents facilitate turn-taking and skill development in infants through supportive interactions.
    • Epigenetic view: Development results from ongoing interactions between heredity and environment.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into Chapter 6 of your psychology textbook, focusing on emotional development. Explore the essential roles emotions play in communication, behavioral organization, and how both positive and negative emotions impact well-being. Test your understanding of the biological, cognitive, and environmental influences on emotions.

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