Psychology Chapter 6: Emotional Development

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of emotions in communication?

To express individual beliefs

To enhance cognitive development

To regulate playtime activities

To organize physical behavior (correct)

At what age do primary emotions typically begin to appear in humans?

At birth

Within the first month

Within the first 6 months (correct)

After 6 months

What distinguishes self-conscious emotions from primary emotions?

They are only present in humans.

They require self-awareness and consciousness. (correct)

They emerge earlier in life.

They are exclusively negative emotions.

Which type of cry is primarily used to signal hunger in newborns?

Basic cry Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reaction of infants that indicates fear of strangers?

Separation protest Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the temperament of an 'Easy Child' according to Chess and Thomas’ classification?

Adapt easily to new experiences and is generally in a positive mood Signup and view all the answers

What is a reflexive smile, and when does it typically appear?

A non-external response during sleep appearing in the first month Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a 'Difficult Child' based on Chess and Thomas’ classification?

Cries frequently and is slow to accept change Signup and view all the answers

Which emotion is NOT classified as a primary emotion?

Jealousy Signup and view all the answers

What type of crying is characterized by a long, loud initial cry followed by breath holding?

Pain cry Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary basis for establishing trust in infants?

Physical comfort and sensitive care Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does an infant primarily distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people?

Phase 2 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attachment is characterized by an infant who avoids the caregiver?

Insecure Avoidant Signup and view all the answers

What type of caregiver behavior is typically associated with securely attached babies?

Sensitive and consistently available Signup and view all the answers

What observable behavior might indicate an insecure disorganized attachment style in infants?

Showing confusion and fear around the caregiver Signup and view all the answers

How does the developmental cascade model interpret differences in attachment?

Through connections across different developmental domains over time Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxytocin play in attachment between mother and infant?

Promotes bonding through contact and warmth Signup and view all the answers

Which caregiving style is linked to insecure resistant attachment?

Inconsistent and lacking affection Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of reciprocal socialization imply?

Socialization occurs in both directions between parents and children Signup and view all the answers

What is one aspect of scaffolding in parental behavior?

Timing interactions for turn-taking experiences Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the match between a child’s temperament and the demands of their environment?

Goodness of Fit Signup and view all the answers

What dimension of temperament involves the ability to manage high arousal and maintain self-regulation?

Effortful Control Signup and view all the answers

According to Jerome Kagan, which type of child would likely react to unfamiliar situations with distress or avoidance?

Inhibited Children Signup and view all the answers

What stage, proposed by Erik Erikson, emphasizes the importance of trust vs. mistrust in infants?

Trust vs. Mistrust Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension of temperament reflects a child's emotional stability and reactions such as fear and frustration?

Negative Affectivity Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'mirror technique' assess in infants?

Self-Recognition Signup and view all the answers

Which type of child is described as capable of easily adjusting to new environments but can become distressed in the face of frustration?

Effortful Control Children Signup and view all the answers

When does the ability for infants to engage in 'joint attention' typically begin to emerge?

7 to 8 months Signup and view all the answers

What type of play increases between 18 and 24 months as children start to imitate one another?

Reciprocal Play Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes infants' ability to interpret emotional cues from others to navigate social situations?

Social Referencing Signup and view all the answers

What physiological aspect is closely related to a child's temperament according to contemporary views?

Biological Influences Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of autonomy during the second year of an infant's life according to Erik Erikson?

It is critical for developing independence. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of child is likely to show behaviors of high pleasure, activity, and sociability?

Extraverted Children Signup and view all the answers

At approximately what age do signs of self-recognition in infants typically begin to emerge?

15 to 18 months Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Emotion

Emotion indicates feelings or affects crucial to a person's well-being.
Plays roles in communication, behavior organization, and can be positive (joy, love) or negative (anxiety, guilt).

Behavioral, Cognitive, and Environmental Influences of Emotions

Biology: Brain development influences emotional capacity; infants learn to regulate emotions over time.
Cognitive: Attention can sway emotional responses in infants and children.
Social Relationships: Contexts for emotional variety development.
Cultural Differences: Variability in emotional experiences across cultures.

Early Emotions

Distinction between primary (early) and self-conscious emotions.
Primary Emotions: Present in humans and animals, emerging within the first 6 months; include joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.
Self-Conscious Emotions: Require self-awareness; include jealousy, empathy, pride, and guilt.

Crying: Primary communication method for newborns, indicating needs such as hunger or pain; includes basic, angry, and pain cries with distinctive patterns.
Smiling: Critical social signal; includes reflexive smiles (unconscious) and social smiles (responses to stimuli like faces).
Fear: Emerges around 6 months, often as stranger anxiety or separation protest.

Temperament

Chess and Thomas’ Classification:
- Easy child: positive mood, regular routines, adaptable.
- Difficult child: negative reactions, irregular routines.
- Slow-to-warm-up child: low activity, somewhat negative disposition.
Jerome Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition: Focuses on shyness; inhibited children avoid unfamiliarity.
Mary Rothbart and John Bates’ Classification: Adds 'effortful control' to temperament styles, including extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and self-regulation.

Biological Foundations of Temperament

Temperament stems from both physiological characteristics and environmental influences; it evolves through self-perception and behavioral preferences.

Goodness of Fit and Parenting

Goodness of fit refers to how well a child's temperament aligns with environmental demands; poor fit can lead to adjustment issues.

Personality Development

Emotions and temperament are foundational to personality.
Trust develops in the first stage of Erikson's model through consistent care.
Self-recognition emerges through the mirror technique, observed in infants around 15 to 18 months.
Independence develops during the second year, relating to autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Infants are naturally drawn to social interactions, improving understanding of emotions and cultural context.
Joint attention and social referencing develop, aiding in social engagement and responding to emotional cues.

Attachment and Its Development

Attachment is a significant emotional bond influenced by caregivers.
Freud: Oral satisfaction as a basis for attachment.
Harlow: Importance of comfort via the cloth monkey experiment.
Bowlby: Biological predisposition for attachment and phases of attachment formation from birth to 24 months.

Individual Differences in Attachment

The Strange Situation assesses attachment styles: securely attached, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant, and insecure disorganized.
Securely attached infants explore freely, while insecurely avoidant ones display minimal interaction and resistance.

Caregiving Styles and Attachment

Secure attachment arises from responsive caregiving, while avoidant attachment is linked to rejection and inconsistency.
Disorganized attachment often correlates with neglect or abuse.

Oxytocin: Essential hormone in maternal-infant bonding during breastfeeding.
Dopamine: Involvement in the rewarding feelings experienced by mothers during caregiving activities.

The Family

Reciprocal Socialization: Mutual influence between parents and children.
Scaffolding: Parents facilitate turn-taking and skill development in infants through supportive interactions.
Epigenetic view: Development results from ongoing interactions between heredity and environment.

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Description

This quiz delves into Chapter 6 of your psychology textbook, focusing on emotional development. Explore the essential roles emotions play in communication, behavioral organization, and how both positive and negative emotions impact well-being. Test your understanding of the biological, cognitive, and environmental influences on emotions.