Psychology Chapter on Development Theories

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary driving force behind development according to psychosexual theories?

Cognitive processes

Social interactions

Libido (correct)

Defense mechanisms

Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with psychosocial development?

Crises in development

Eight stages from birth to death

Personal growth

Defense mechanisms (correct)

John Locke's philosophy aligns with which type of development theory?

Learning theories (correct)

Behavioral theories

Psychoanalytic theories

Cognitive theories

In learning theories, what is emphasized as the fundamental aspect of development?

Behavior change through experience Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development is focused on a sense of value and acceptance?

Self-esteem stage Signup and view all the answers

How do infants learn to avoid undesirable experiences according to learning theories?

By experiencing rewards and punishments Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a part of Freud's psychosexual development theory?

Behavioral reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of personal growth in human development theories?

To fulfill one’s unique personal potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Freud's psychosexual development theory?

The fixation on unmet needs during different stages. Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what is essential for achieving a healthy personality?

Successful resolution of each psychosocial crisis. Signup and view all the answers

How does Erikson's view of development differ from Freud's?

Erikson incorporates cultural demands into his theory. Signup and view all the answers

What can result from an inadequate early environment according to Freud?

Fixation characterized by unresolved problems. Signup and view all the answers

How many stages are included in Erikson’s psychosocial theory?

Eight stages spanning the entire lifespan. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark of psychoanalytic theories according to the content?

Significance of formative early experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Erikson's theory contrasts with Freud’s in that it emphasizes what?

The lifelong process of social and cultural interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the libido in Freud's stages of development?

It shifts focus to different body parts with each stage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary assertion of evolutionary developmental psychology regarding a newborn's mind?

It has a genetic predisposition to learn. Signup and view all the answers

How do proponents of evolutionary developmental psychology view the interaction of nature and nurture?

They argue that both play equal roles in development. Signup and view all the answers

What type of traits are suggested to develop due to evolutionary forces across the lifespan?

Age-dependent traits that assist in survival. Signup and view all the answers

According to evolutionary developmental psychology, what cognitive ability is especially necessary for infants?

Forming attachments. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'adaptation' refer to in the context of evolutionary developmental psychology?

The development of traits that enhance survival. Signup and view all the answers

How might the cognitive abilities required differ from infants to adults according to evolutionary developmental psychology?

Behaviors necessary for survival change qualitatively. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of behavior must adults contend with as part of their survival and adaptation?

Parenting and mating. Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily concluded about the mind of a newborn in contrast to John Locke's view?

It possesses an innate readiness to learn. Signup and view all the answers

What does positive reinforcement involve?

Adding a pleasant consequence following a behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?

Removing an unpleasant condition to encourage a behavior. Signup and view all the answers

How can attention function as a reinforcer in the context of a child’s behavior?

It increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary to identify something as a reinforcer?

It must increase the probability of a behavior over time. Signup and view all the answers

In the example of coughing and taking cough syrup, what defines the syrup's effect?

It stops the cough and encourages future use. Signup and view all the answers

Why might a parent respond to a child's whining despite it being negative reinforcement?

Responding helps stop the irritating behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about reinforcement?

Negative reinforcement always involves punishment. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies negative reinforcement?

A dog stops barking when its owner lets it inside. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary positive outcome in the Trust versus Mistrust stage?

Hope and trust in caregivers Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical activity for the stage of Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt?

Learning self-care skills like toileting Signup and view all the answers

Which psychosocial stage occurs between the ages of 3 and 6?

Initiative versus guilt Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the Industry versus Inferiority stage?

Mastering cultural skills and norms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary psychological crisis addressed during the Identity versus Role Confusion stage?

Integrating personal values and roles Signup and view all the answers

What positive trait is developed during the Intimacy versus Isolation stage?

Love through intimate relationships Signup and view all the answers

In the Generativity versus Stagnation stage, what is a key activity individuals often engage in?

Rearing children and creativity Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does a person conduct a life review?

Integrity versus despair Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt stage in early development?

Demand for more choices and saying 'no' Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of harsh parental criticism during the Initiative versus Guilt stage?

Feelings of guilt and hesitation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Deficiency Motives

Deficiency motives are inherent drives essential for maintaining physical or emotional homeostasis.

Psychosexual Development

Freud proposed five stages of personality development characterized by the focus of the libido on different body parts.
An inadequate childhood environment can result in fixation, leading to behaviors reflecting unresolved issues.

Psychosocial Development

Erik Erikson formulated eight psychosocial stages of development, emphasizing the resolution of crises at each stage to achieve a healthy personality.

Freudian and Eriksonian Theories

Freud focused on psychosexual development, while Erikson emphasized psychosocial interactions, integrating internal drives and cultural demands.

Eight Psychosocial Stages

Birth to 1 year: Trust vs. Mistrust - Development of hope and trust.
1 to 3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Development of will and self-care skills.
3 to 6 years: Initiative vs. Guilt - Development of purpose and goal organization.
6 to 12 years: Industry vs. Inferiority - Development of competence and cultural skills.
12 to 18 years: Identity vs. Role Confusion - Development of a unified sense of self and identity.
18 to 30 years: Intimacy vs. Isolation - Establishment of intimate relationships.
30 years to old age: Generativity vs. Stagnation - Focus on raising children and contributing to society.
Old age: Integrity vs. Despair - Conducting a life review and achieving self-acceptance.

Learning Theories

Learning theories suggest that development is shaped by experiential accumulation, aligning with John Locke's idea that children learn through their interactions with the environment.
Infants repeat behaviors based on rewarding experiences, leading to behavioral learning.

Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Proposes that humans are genetically predisposed to learn and adapt, contradicting Locke's theory of the mind as a blank slate.
Emphasizes the interaction of genetic traits and environmental factors in shaping intelligence, personality, and social behaviors.

Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of repeating a behavior by adding a pleasant consequence.
Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior by removing an unpleasant condition, as evidenced by using cough syrup to alleviate coughing.
The effectiveness of reinforcement is determined by its ability to increase the frequency of a specific behavior.

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Description

Explore the intricate theories of psychosexual and psychosocial development as proposed by Freud and Erikson. This quiz delves into deficiency motives and the critical stages of personality formation, highlighting how childhood experiences shape adult behavior. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in psychology.