Psychology: Consciousness and Sleep Stages

Dreams that allow people to focus on and reinforce memories, particularly those related to motor skills.

Hobson's theory explaining dreams as a result of random neural activity during REM sleep.

A theory that suggests dreams can reflect a person's fears, worries, and emotions.

The theory that dreams are influenced by the pons sending random signals to the cortex, resulting in dream scenarios.

Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, affecting approximately a third of the population.

A sleep disorder characterized by breathing difficulties during sleep, leading to fragmented sleep and a loss of REM sleep.

Freud's theory suggesting dreams reflect unconscious desires and needs.

Parts of the brain associated with emotions and motivation are highly active during REM sleep, while logical thinking areas are inactive.

A disorder where individuals experience repeated interruptions in their sleep, often waking up hundreds of times a night, even without realizing it. It results in excessive daytime tiredness and may be linked to SIDS.

Sudden awakenings from non-REM sleep characterized by fear, panic, and physical reactions. They are more common in children and occur during stage 3 sleep, unlike nightmares which occur during REM sleep.

A sleep disorder that leads to uncontrollable sleep episodes throughout the day. Individuals with narcolepsy suddenly fall asleep, even during activities, and enter REM sleep directly, skipping other sleep stages.

A biological process that follows a 24-hour cycle influencing various bodily functions like sleep-wake patterns, hormone production, and body temperature.

The brain's internal pacemaker located in the hypothalamus, regulating sleep-wake cycles and aligning them with the natural day-night rhythm.

The amount of light and darkness we are exposed to daily significantly influences our circadian rhythms. Reduced sunlight during winter months can lead to SAD, a type of depression.

A form of depression that worsens with shorter days, often linked to reduced sunlight during winter months.

A therapy that uses bright light to treat conditions like SAD, by mimicking natural sunlight exposure.

Internal dialogue that helps with planning, creativity, and emotional regulation.

The connection between daydreaming and dreaming during sleep.

A sleep stage crucial for memory consolidation and processing emotional experiences.

Ensuring students get adequate sleep, particularly REM sleep, to enhance memory and learning.

Each stage of sleep has unique functions, affecting brain activity and cognitive performance.

A condition resulting from sleep deprivation, characterized by excessive REM sleep.

The impact of sleep on learning and memory retention, influencing test performance.

Strategies to promote healthy sleep habits and reduce sleep disruptions to maximize learning.

These drugs affect the nervous system, influencing emotions, perceptions, and behavior. Their effects vary widely depending on the specific drug.

These drugs create a strong desire to use them again and again, either due to physical changes in the body or intense mental cravings. Stopping can lead to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.

These drugs increase activity in the nervous system, making the heart beat faster and blood pressure rise. Examples include caffeine, nicotine, and amphetamines.

Meditation can improve employee well-being, enhance productivity, and create a healthier workplace environment.

Employees should have dedicated time and space for meditation, and participation should be voluntary. Meditation can be a brief break without impacting productivity.

Address concerns about lost work time by focusing on short and effective meditation sessions. Not all employees may be interested, so offer diverse wellness options.

Drug prevention programs aim to reduce substance abuse by educating individuals about the risks, providing support networks, and addressing underlying factors like stress.

School-based education programs teach students about the dangers of drug use, how to resist peer pressure, and how to make healthy choices.

Community outreach initiatives educate the public about drug use and its consequences, providing information and resources to those at risk.

Family-focused interventions provide support and resources for families to recognize early warning signs of drug use and develop healthy communication skills.

Media campaigns raise awareness about drug use by utilizing social media, TV ads, and posters to highlight the negative consequences and offer help resources.

These drugs slow down the nervous system, leading to effects like intoxication, slurred speech, and potentially loss of consciousness in larger doses.

The most common depressant, often consumed in excess, leading to a serious concern known as binge drinking.

A central nervous system depressant known for causing relaxation, but can also impair judgment.

A central nervous system depressant, also known as the "date-rape drug", it can cause memory loss when mixed with alcohol.

Drugs that relieve pain and anxiety, derived from poppies or synthetically produced.

A potent drug derived from poppies, known for producing a rush similar to an orgasm.

Synthetically produced drugs designed for pain management, but can lead to addiction.

These drugs alter perception and thoughts, creating a range of effects from euphoria to hallucinations.