Consciousness
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Questions and Answers

What is a defining characteristic of the activation synthesis theory of dreams?

  • Brain activity in the pons generates a narrative from random signals. (correct)
  • All dreams contain sexual themes.
  • Individual consciousness leaves the body while dreaming.
  • Dreams occur only during deep sleep stages.

    • Which factor is most closely associated with the occurrence of déjà vu?

  • Heightened norepinephrine levels.
  • Increased levels of serotonin.
  • Problems with brain conditions affecting dreaming.
  • Excess dopamine in the temporal lobe. (correct)

    • How does hypnosis alter a person's state of consciousness?

  • By inducing a state of deep sleep unrelated to awareness.
  • By creating hallucinations during sleep.
  • By promoting active dream recall through psychological pressure.
  • By suggesting changes in perception, feeling, and behavior. (correct)

    • What percentage of the population is estimated to experience out-of-body experiences?

    <p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates dreams with nightmarish themes from typical dream content?

    <p>They do not commonly contain sexual themes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of withdrawing from pharmacological treatments for insomnia?

    <p>Rebound insomnia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with narcolepsy?

    <p>Cataplexy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is commonly used for sleep apnea?

    <p>Weight loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group is most commonly affected by night terrors?

    <p>Small children (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation best describes sleepwalking?

    <p>An individual walks while being unaware that they are asleep (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freud's Dream Protection Theory suggests that dreams serve what primary purpose?

    <p>To fulfill wish fulfillment of unconscious desires (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The manifest content of a dream refers to what aspect?

    <p>The facts and details of the dream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the dream content typically reflect the dreamer's mind?

    <p>It frequently reflects thoughts or concerns before or after sleep (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of controlled processing?

    <p>Requires significant attention and effort (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a behavioral treatment for insomnia?

    <p>Taking sleeping pills every night (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation best illustrates divided attention?

    <p>Listening to music while studying (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of brain waves are present during Stage 1 sleep?

    <p>Theta waves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in sleep regulation?

    <p>Acts as the body's biological clock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does deep sleep change as humans age?

    <p>Time spent in deep sleep decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of sleep is typically spent in REM sleep?

    <p>20% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of sleep deprivation on REM sleep?

    <p>Increases the amount of time in REM the following night (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of automatic processing?

    <p>Can occur with little effort (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what stage of sleep do sleep spindles and K-complexes occur?

    <p>Stage 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the activation synthesis theory suggest about the nature of dreams?

    <p>Dreams are a result of the brain constructing a narrative from random electrical activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is typically associated with experiencing déjà vu?

    <p>An excess level of dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the general characteristics of an out-of-body experience?

    <p>It involves a sensation of leaving the body and often accompanies near death experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypnosis primarily used to do?

    <p>Provide suggestions for changing perception or behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do episodes of déjà vu typically last?

    <p>Approximately 10-30 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for sleep apnea?

    <p>CPAP mask (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is NOT associated with narcolepsy?

    <p>Night terrors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of dreams does the latent content represent?

    <p>Symbolic meanings and interpretations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to rebound insomnia?

    <p>Discontinuation of sleep medications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic behavior of sleepwalking?

    <p>The person is usually unaware of their actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of sleep apnea?

    <p>Strong sudden loss of voluntary muscle movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about night terrors is correct?

    <p>They typically resolve as the child ages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is estimated to not dream?

    <p>0.38% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of melatonin in the body?

    <p>Regulates the sleep-wake cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain wave pattern is typically associated with calm wakefulness?

    <p>Alpha waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes insomnia as per the provided information?

    <p>Waking frequently during the night (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of sleep does the brain exhibit delta waves?

    <p>Both Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes divided attention?

    <p>It involves performing multiple activities simultaneously. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

    <p>It acts as the body's biological clock. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does energy conservation relate to sleep?

    <p>It is a primary reason humans evolved to need sleep. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of processing is exemplified by writing an essay?

    <p>Controlled processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT commonly associated with contributing to insomnia?

    <p>Geographical location (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What experience do myoclonic jerks and hypnagogic imagery appear during?

    <p>Stage 1 sleep (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>It selectively allows substances to enter or exit brain tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines substance use disorder (SUD)?

    <p>Significant problems in life due to repeated drug use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does prolonged substance use have on drug tolerance?

    <p>It requires increased dosage for the same initial effect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs are classified as depressants?

    <p>Drugs that suppress nervous system activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is alcohol myopia?

    <p>Shortsighted thinking caused by focused attention on limited information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes stimulants from depressants?

    <p>Stimulants enhance nervous system activity, while depressants suppress it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential result of heavy and prolonged use of amphetamines?

    <p>Hallucination-like symptoms due to excessive dopamine production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of psychoactive drugs?

    <p>To alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Consciousness

    Personal experience of the world, your body, and thoughts in a moment.

    Controlled processing

    Effortful thinking

    Automatic processing

    Requires little thought.

    Divided attention

    Performing multiple tasks at once.

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    Circadian rhythm

    Body's 24-hour cycle.

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    Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

    Brain area controlling circadian rhythm.

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    Melatonin

    Hormone regulating sleep-wake cycle.

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    Insomnia

    Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.

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    REM sleep

    Sleep stage with rapid eye movement, vivid dreaming.

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    Sleep stages

    Transitions from wake to deep sleep and back.

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    Rebound Insomnia

    A worsening of sleep difficulties after stopping sleep aids.

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    Narcolepsy

    Sleep disorder with irregular sleep-wake cycles; possibly due to lack of hypocretin.

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    Sleep Apnea

    Sleep disorder causing airway blockage during sleep, leading to daytime sleepiness.

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    Night Terrors

    Sleep disorder, common in children, involving waking up screaming, confused, and sweating during deep sleep.

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    Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)

    Walking while asleep, usually harmless, but can be risky if unaware.

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    Dreams

    Experiences while sleeping; more negative than positive themes.

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    Dream Protection/Wish Fulfillment

    Sigmund Freud's theory: dreams fulfill unconscious desires and protect sleep.

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    Manifest Content

    Surface-level details of a dream.

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    Activation Synthesis Theory

    Dreams occur when the brain tries to make sense of random neural activity during REM sleep.

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    Out-of-Body Experience

    A feeling of consciousness leaving the body, often associated with near-death experiences and other unusual experiences like hallucinations.

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    Deja Vu

    A feeling of reliving a new experience, possibly linked to dopamine levels in the temporal lobe.

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    Hyponosis

    A state of heightened suggestibility where individuals can change their thoughts, feelings, or actions.

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    What's a potential problem with the Activation Synthesis Theory?

    People without dreaming ability still sleep soundly, and dreams are often negative and non-sexual.

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    What is the circadian rhythm?

    The cycle of changes in your body that happens every 24 hours. It's like your biological clock.

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    Where is the SCN located?

    It's in the hypothalamus, a part of the brain.

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    What does melatonin do?

    It's a hormone that helps regulate your sleep-wake cycle.

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    What are beta waves?

    Brain waves that are fast and active, like when you're awake and alert.

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    What are alpha waves?

    Brain waves that are slower and calmer, like when you're relaxed but awake.

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    Describe Stage 1 sleep.

    The lightest sleep stage with theta brain waves. It's where you might have dreamlike images or sudden muscle twitches.

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    Why do we sleep?

    Sleep helps us conserve energy, avoid predators, and allows our bodies to heal.

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    What's a criticism of the Activation Synthesis Theory?

    People who cannot dream still sleep soundly, and dreams often have negative and non-sexual themes.

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    Sleepwalking

    Walking while asleep, often harmless, but could be risky if the person doesn't remember.

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    Dream Protection Theory

    Sigmund Freud's theory suggesting dreams fulfill unconscious desires and protect sleep.

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    Latent Content

    The underlying meaning of a dream, representing hidden emotions, desires, or anxieties.

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    What is the blood-brain barrier?

    A protective layer in the brain that controls which substances can enter the brain tissues.

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    What is tolerance?

    The body's adaptation to a drug, requiring more of the drug to achieve the same effect.

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    What is withdrawal?

    Unpleasant symptoms experienced when stopping or reducing the use of a drug.

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    What are depressants?

    Drugs that slow down the nervous system activity.

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    Give an example of a depressant.

    Alcohol is a common example.

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    What are stimulants?

    Drugs that speed up the nervous system activity.

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    Give an example of a stimulant.

    Amphetamines are a common example.

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    What is the effect of high doses of stimulants?

    Can cause schizophrenia-like hallucinations.

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    Study Notes

    Consciousness and Altered States

    • Consciousness is the personal experience of the world, body, thoughts, moment by moment
    • Controlled processing requires effort and attention (e.g., writing an essay)
    • Automatic processing requires little or no effort (e.g., brushing teeth)
    • Divided attention is the ability to do multiple tasks simultaneously (e.g. listening to music while studying)
    • Humans need 7-10 hours of sleep, but this varies based on age, health, genetics, etc.
    • Circadian rhythm refers to repeated bodily changes every 24 hours, regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
    • SCN is in the hypothalamus, considered the biological clock.
    • Pineal gland secretes melatonin, crucial for the sleep-wake cycle.
    • Awake and alert involves beta waves (greater than 13 Hz).
    • Calm wakefulness involves alpha waves (8-12 Hz).
    • Stage 1 sleep features theta waves (4-7 Hz) and possible myoclonic jerks, hypnagogic imagery.
    • Stage 2 sleep includes sleep spindles and k-complexes.
    • Stage 3 and 4 sleep contain delta waves (1-2 Hz); the difference is that stage 4 has greater than 50% delta waves. Deep sleep occurs in stage 3 and 4.
    • REM (rapid eye movement) sleep is marked by brain activity, vivid dreaming, and occurs about 20% of the time. If REM sleep is not enough the body will spend more time in REM in the following sleep cycle.
    • Sleep helps with energy conservation, survival, and bodily restoration.
    • Insomnia is a sleep disorder causing difficulty falling or staying asleep, influenced by factors including age, medications, exercise, mental state, and bedtime routines.

    Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatments for Insomnia

    • Behavioral therapies for insomnia include a regular wake-up schedule, bed use only for sleep, exercise, and avoiding caffeine and alcohol in the evenings.

    • Pharmacological treatments can lead to rebound insomnia after cessation of use.

    • Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder with unpredictable sleep-wake cycles. and is partially caused by insufficient hypocretin-producing neurons in the hypothalamus.

    • Symptoms can include sleep attacks, cataplexy, hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis.

    • Sleep apnea is a disorder of airway blockage during sleep, causing daytime drowsiness, and carries potential health risks.

    Sleep Disorders

    • Treatments for sleep apnea may include weight loss and CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) therapy.
    • Night terrors are sleep disturbances typically occurring in children during stages 3 or 4 sleep, characterized by screaming, confusion, and sweating.
    • Sleepwalking (somnambulism) is a sleep disorder where a person walks while asleep; is harmless (generally).
    • Sleep apnea sufferers may experience daytime sleepiness, weight gain, hearing loss, irregular heartbeats, and increased mortality risk.

    Dream Interpretation

    • Freud's dream protection theory associates dreams with wish fulfillment and prevents unconscious thoughts from affecting sleep.
    • Manifest content describes dream events, while latent content represents their underlying meaning.
    • Activation-synthesis theory proposes that dreams occur due to random brain activity.
    • Dreams contain reflections of waking thoughts.

    Altered States of Consciousness

    • Deja vu presents a feeling of familiarity despite perceived novelty. It can be caused by temporal lobe seizures or excessive dopamine.
    • Hypnosis involves suggestion techniques to create altered states of consciousness, with effects varying based on suggestibility.
    • Psychoactive drugs alter brain processes through chemicals similar to those found in the brain.
    • Blood-brain barrier regulates substance permeability in the brain.
    • Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is diagnosed when a drug results in significant repeated health problems.
    • Drug tolerance is a condition requiring higher doses to produce the same effect.
    • Withdrawal is the unpleasant experience when a user stops drug consumption.
    • Depressants include alcohol, barbituates, and tranquilizers, decreasing nervous system activity.
    • Stimulants include amphetamines, and cocaine, increasing nervous system activity.
    • Opiates are derived from the opium poppy, and bind to endorphin receptors, producing pain relief and euphoria (morphine, codeine, heroin).
    • Hallucinogens/psychedelics alter perception, including cannabis (THC).

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