Psychology Chapter on Conditioning and Discrimination
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Questions and Answers

What is stimulus discrimination?

The tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another.

What is an example of stimulus discrimination?

The dog salivates in the presence of the 2,000-Hz tone, but not in the presence of a 1,900-Hz tone.

How can stimulus discrimination be trained?

Discrimination training.

What is third-order conditioning?

<p>A stimulus that is associated with a conditioned stimulus (CS) can also become a CS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of third-order conditioning?

<p>Wasp - Trash Can.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does context matter in higher-order conditioning?

<p>Context matters via higher-order conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the lick suppression experiment?

<p>Subjects allowed to drink from a water tube, (Tone sounds - Place 1: no shock, Place 2: shock).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the results from the lick suppression experiment?

<p>Subjects took longer to drink when the tone had been presented in the same environment where they had been shocked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sensory preconditioning?

<p>When one stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another stimulus it was previously associated with can also become a CS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps in the process of sensory preconditioning?

<p>Two neutral stimuli are paired, then one is repeatedly paired with a US to produce a CR. When the other stimulus is presented alone, it should also present the CR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impacts sensory preconditioning?

<p>The response elicited by the tool shed (CS2) is generally weaker than the response elicited by the wasps (CS1). It works best if stimuli are paired relatively few times and sometimes works better if presented simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the specificities in classical conditioning?

<p>Overshadowing, blocking, latent inhibition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is overshadowing?

<p>The most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS and thereby interferes with conditioning of the least salient member.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is blocking?

<p>The presence of an established CS interferes with the conditioning of a new CS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is latent inhibition?

<p>An unfamiliar stimulus is more readily conditioned than a familiar stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is external inhibition?

<p>The presentation of a novel stimulus at the same time as the CS produces a decrease in the strength of the CS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is temporal conditioning?

<p>A form of classical conditioning in which the CS is the passage of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is occasion setting?

<p>A procedure where a stimulus signals that a CS is likely to be followed by the US with which it is associated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of occasion setting?

<p>Alcohol absent (Parents: Mild abuse → Mild anxiety; Alcohol present (Parents: Severe abuse → strong anxiety).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted systematic investigations with cats in a puzzle box?

<p>Thorndike.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is operant conditioning?

<p>A type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Behaviors that are ________________ are called operant behaviors.

<p>influenced by their consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

The response ___________________ to produce a consequence.

<p>operates on the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are operant behaviors?

<p>A class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes operant behavior from reflexive behavior?

<p>Operant behaviors are emitted by the organism (not elicited by stimuli) and are flexible and voluntary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of how operant behaviors can impact subsequent actions?

<p>Lever press → Food pellet; Tell a joke → Person frowns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Operant behaviors are _______________.

<p>classes of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do operant behaviors occur because we choose to emit them?

<p>Not necessarily; The behavior comes to be controlled by the contingencies of reinforcement and punishment that follow the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when a behavior is classified as negative?

<p>The behavior has resulted in something being removed or subtracted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when a behavior is classified as positive?

<p>The behavior has resulted in something being presented or added.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the operant conditioning perspective?

<p>It is the behavior (not person/animal) that has been reinforced or punished.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consequences are ___________________.

<p>defined entirely by their effect on behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are reinforcers?

<p>Stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are punishers?

<p>Stimuli that decrease the frequency of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Effect state?

<p>Behaviors leading to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened, while those leading to an unsatisfying state are weakened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reinforcement and punishment?

<p>The process by which a certain consequence changes the strength of a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of reinforcement?

<p>The use of food to increase the strength of lever pressing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of punishment?

<p>The process of frowning to encourage someone to stop telling jokes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are discriminative stimuli?

<p>Stimuli in the presence of which responses are either reinforced or punished.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the three-term contingency?

<p>An antecedent event, a behavior, a consequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is positive reinforcement?

<p>The presentation of a stimulus following a response which leads to an increase in the future strength of that response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

<p>The removal of a stimulus following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is escape behavior?

<p>Behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is avoidance behavior?

<p>Behavior that occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and prevents its delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is positive punishment?

<p>The presentation of a stimulus following a response which leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is negative punishment?

<p>The removal of a stimulus following a response, which leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

_________ is often successful in immediately getting a person to stop.

<p>Punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can punishing our partners create?

<p>Major problems for our relationships in the long run.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can punishment in personal relationships affect behavior?

<p>A reduction in one person's behavior as a result of punishment can negatively reinforce the behavior of the person who implemented the punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does immediate versus delayed reinforcement indicate?

<p>The more immediate the reinforcer, the stronger its effect on the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reinforcer?

<p>An event that is innately reinforcing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary reinforcer?

<p>An event that is reinforcing because it has been associated with some other reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a generalized reinforcer?

<p>A type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of generalized reinforcers?

<p>Money, social attention, a 'token economy'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intrinsic reinforcement?

<p>Reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is extrinsic reinforcement?

<p>Reinforcement provided by some consequence that is external to the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are natural reinforcers?

<p>Reinforcers that are naturally provided for a certain behavior, they are typical consequences of the behavior within that setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are contrived reinforcers?

<p>Reinforcers that have been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intrinsic reinforcers are always _____________.

<p>natural reinforcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extrinsic reinforcers can be either ___________________.

<p>natural or contrived</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal in behavioral therapy when using contrived reinforcers?

<p>The ultimate intention is to let the 'natural contingencies' eventually override if at all possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are operant behaviors controlled?

<p>Operant behaviors are controlled by their consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do reinforcers do to a response?

<p>Reinforcers strengthen a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do punishers do to a response?

<p>Punishers weaken a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signals when a consequence is available?

<p>A discriminative stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can reinforcers be described?

<p>Immediate or delayed, primary or secondary, generalized, intrinsic or extrinsic, natural or contrived.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive means ____________ a stimulus.

<p>the presentation of</p> Signup and view all the answers

Negative means _____________ a stimulus.

<p>the removal of</p> Signup and view all the answers

_________ is the creation of novel behavior through the reinforcement of gradual approximations to that behavior.

<p>Shaping</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Stimulus Discrimination

  • Tendency for a response to be more elicited by one stimulus than another.
  • Example: A dog salivating to a 2,000-Hz tone but not to a 1,900-Hz tone.
  • Can be trained through discrimination training.

Third-Order Conditioning

  • A stimulus associated with a conditioned stimulus (CS) can also become a CS.
  • Example: A wasp associated with a trash can.

Context and Higher-Order Conditioning

  • Context plays a crucial role in higher-order conditioning.

Lick Suppression Experiment

  • Subjects were allowed to drink from a water tube.
  • Tone presented when in one place resulted in no shock, whereas in another place it resulted in shock.
  • Results showed longer drinking times when a tone was presented in the environment associated with shocks.

Sensory Preconditioning

  • Occurs when one CS is conditioned, causing another previously associated stimulus to also become a CS.
  • Process involves pairing two neutral stimuli, then pairing one with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.

Specificity in Classical Conditioning

  • Includes phenomena such as overshadowing, blocking, and latent inhibition.

Compound Stimulus

  • Involves the simultaneous presentation of multiple individual stimuli.

Overshadowing

  • The more salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned, hindering the conditioning of the less salient member.

Blocking

  • An established CS can interfere with the conditioning of a new CS during the pairing phase.

Latent Inhibition

  • Newly introduced stimuli are more readily conditioned than familiar stimuli.
  • Individuals with schizophrenia tend to exhibit less latent inhibition.

External Inhibition

  • Presentation of a novel stimulus can decrease the strength of a CS.

Temporal Conditioning

  • A form of classical conditioning where time serves as the CS.

Occasion Setting

  • A procedure where a stimulus signals that a CS is likely to be followed by its associated unconditioned stimulus (US).
  • Example: Different parental behaviors based on alcohol presence lead to varying levels of anxiety.

Thorndike's Work

  • Conducted systematic investigations in the 1890s using cats in puzzle boxes.

Operant Conditioning

  • Learning type where behavior probability is influenced by its consequences.
  • Behaviors leading to favorable outcomes are likely to be repeated.

Operant Behavior

  • Emitted responses that result in certain outcomes affecting future behavior likelihood.

Skinner's Contribution

  • Distinguished between reflective/respondent and operant behavior; known for the Skinner Box experiment.

Positive & Negative Reinforcement

  • Positive reinforcement involves presenting a stimulus to increase behavior.
  • Negative reinforcement consists of removing a stimulus to augment behavior.

Escape vs. Avoidance Behavior

  • Escape behavior terminates an aversive stimulus; avoidance behavior prevents its delivery.

Punishment Concepts

  • Positive punishment presents a stimulus to decrease behavior; negative punishment removes a stimulus to lessen behavior frequency.

Reinforcer and Punisher Definitions

  • Reinforcers increase the frequency of behavior; punishers decrease it.

Law of Effect

  • Behaviors leading to satisfying outcomes are strengthened; those leading to unsatisfying outcomes are weakened.

Immediate vs. Delayed Reinforcement

  • Immediate reinforcers have a stronger behavioral impact than delayed ones.

Types of Reinforcers

  • Primary reinforcers are innately reinforcing; secondary reinforcers gain their value through association.

Generalized Reinforcer

  • A type of secondary reinforcer associated with multiple others, e.g., money.

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Reinforcement

  • Intrinsic reinforcement stems from the activity itself; extrinsic reinforcement involves external consequences.

Contrived vs. Natural Reinforcers

  • Natural reinforcers are typical consequences in their context; contrived reinforcers are arranged to modify behavior.

Behavioral Therapy Focus

  • Utilizes contrived reinforcers while aiming for natural contingencies to take over.

Consequences in Operant Conditioning

  • Control operant behaviors through the consequences they prompt, defining their function in the learning process.

Discriminative Stimuli and Reinforcement Characteristics

  • A discriminative stimulus indicates when a consequence is available.
  • Reinforcers can be classified by immediacy, type (primary/secondary), and nature (intrinsic/extrinsic).

Concept of Shaping

  • Involves creating new behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behavior.

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Description

Explore key concepts of stimulus discrimination, third-order conditioning, and the role of context in higher-order conditioning. This quiz will test your understanding of classical conditioning through various experiments including lick suppression and sensory preconditioning.

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