Psychology Chapter on Conditioning and Discrimination

The tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another.

The dog salivates in the presence of the 2,000-Hz tone, but not in the presence of a 1,900-Hz tone.

Discrimination training.

<p>A stimulus that is associated with a conditioned stimulus (CS) can also become a CS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wasp - Trash Can.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Context matters via higher-order conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subjects allowed to drink from a water tube, (Tone sounds - Place 1: no shock, Place 2: shock).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subjects took longer to drink when the tone had been presented in the same environment where they had been shocked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When one stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another stimulus it was previously associated with can also become a CS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two neutral stimuli are paired, then one is repeatedly paired with a US to produce a CR. When the other stimulus is presented alone, it should also present the CR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The response elicited by the tool shed (CS2) is generally weaker than the response elicited by the wasps (CS1). It works best if stimuli are paired relatively few times and sometimes works better if presented simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overshadowing, blocking, latent inhibition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS and thereby interferes with conditioning of the least salient member.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of an established CS interferes with the conditioning of a new CS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An unfamiliar stimulus is more readily conditioned than a familiar stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presentation of a novel stimulus at the same time as the CS produces a decrease in the strength of the CS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A form of classical conditioning in which the CS is the passage of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A procedure where a stimulus signals that a CS is likely to be followed by the US with which it is associated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol absent (Parents: Mild abuse → Mild anxiety; Alcohol present (Parents: Severe abuse → strong anxiety).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thorndike.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>influenced by their consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>operates on the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operant behaviors are emitted by the organism (not elicited by stimuli) and are flexible and voluntary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lever press → Food pellet; Tell a joke → Person frowns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>classes of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not necessarily; The behavior comes to be controlled by the contingencies of reinforcement and punishment that follow the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The behavior has resulted in something being removed or subtracted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The behavior has resulted in something being presented or added.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the behavior (not person/animal) that has been reinforced or punished.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>defined entirely by their effect on behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimuli that decrease the frequency of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviors leading to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened, while those leading to an unsatisfying state are weakened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process by which a certain consequence changes the strength of a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of food to increase the strength of lever pressing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of frowning to encourage someone to stop telling jokes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimuli in the presence of which responses are either reinforced or punished.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An antecedent event, a behavior, a consequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presentation of a stimulus following a response which leads to an increase in the future strength of that response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The removal of a stimulus following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavior that occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and prevents its delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presentation of a stimulus following a response which leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The removal of a stimulus following a response, which leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Major problems for our relationships in the long run.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reduction in one person's behavior as a result of punishment can negatively reinforce the behavior of the person who implemented the punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The more immediate the reinforcer, the stronger its effect on the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An event that is innately reinforcing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An event that is reinforcing because it has been associated with some other reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Money, social attention, a 'token economy'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcement provided by some consequence that is external to the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcers that are naturally provided for a certain behavior, they are typical consequences of the behavior within that setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcers that have been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>natural reinforcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>natural or contrived</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ultimate intention is to let the 'natural contingencies' eventually override if at all possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operant behaviors are controlled by their consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcers strengthen a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Punishers weaken a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A discriminative stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate or delayed, primary or secondary, generalized, intrinsic or extrinsic, natural or contrived.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>the presentation of</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>the removal of</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shaping</p> Signup and view all the answers