Psychology Chapter 38-41 Psychology Chapter on Altruism and Attribute
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of altruism?

  • It focuses on maximizing one's own benefits.
  • It is defined as selfish behavior.
  • It often benefits others at a personal cost. (correct)
  • It is always a conscious decision.

    • What is the main focus of attribution theory?

  • Understanding reasons for behaviors. (correct)
  • Evaluating the quality of relationships.
  • Determining success based on luck.
  • Assigning financial benefits to behaviors.

    • Which of the following illustrates the fundamental attribution error?

  • Assuming one's own failure was due to situational factors.
  • Attributing success to external circumstances.
  • Concluding that a friend's behavior is influenced by their background.
  • Believing another person's rudeness is due to their temperament. (correct)

    • What does self-serving bias refer to?

    <p>Blaming external factors for personal failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of attribution, what is a situational factor?

    <p>The influence of external conditions or circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of the halo effect?

    <p>Overlooking a person's flaws because they are visually appealing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behavior does altruism represent?

    <p>Behavior intended to benefit others, often at personal cost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about attributional biases is true?

    <p>They can distort perceptions of others' actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines social class?

    <p>Economic resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is likely to intensify prejudice during times of negative emotions?

    <p>Stronger connections to in-groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do schemas contribute to prejudice?

    <p>They offer quick categorization of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between stereotypes and prejudice?

    <p>Prejudice is always negative while stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to the formation of stereotypes?

    <p>Limited interactions and simplified information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason individuals may develop prejudicial feelings towards others during wartime?

    <p>Heightened negative emotions like fear or anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes prejudice?

    <p>A positive or negative attitude towards individuals based on their group membership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the impact of power dynamics on social groups?

    <p>More powerful groups can hold prejudicial attitudes toward those with less power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary psychological effect that stereotype threat can have on individuals?

    <p>Anxiety that negatively impacts performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-fulfilling prophecy affect an individual's behavior regarding their beliefs?

    <p>It results in a belief influencing behavior to make that belief true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a stigma discussed in the content?

    <p>A medical condition being associated with socially disliked behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethnocentrism imply about individuals' views toward other cultures?

    <p>They believe their own culture is superior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can stigma have on an individual's identity?

    <p>It can lead to the internalization of negative labels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation might someone experience stereotype threat according to the described content?

    <p>When they are reminded of a negative stereotype about their group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does preparation play in the context of self-fulfilling prophecy?

    <p>It can counteract negative beliefs and improve performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might stigma influence healthcare interactions for patients with certain conditions?

    <p>It could result in clinicians focusing only on stigmatized conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ethnocentrism?

    <p>The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cultural relativism advocate?

    <p>Understanding and interpreting a culture based on its own context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes discrimination?

    <p>Unjust treatment based on social group membership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can prejudice and discrimination be related?

    <p>Prejudice may exist without influencing actions toward individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is individual discrimination?

    <p>One person acting on their prejudices against another person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of institutional discrimination?

    <p>A manager who refuses to hire women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice illustrates cultural relativism?

    <p>Respecting the practice of wearing a hijab within Muslim culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of ethnocentrism?

    <p>Promoting ideas of cultural superiority leading to discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deindividuation primarily characterized by?

    <p>Loss of self-awareness and inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Solomon Asch's conformity experiments, what was the main finding regarding participants' behavior?

    <p>Participants often conformed to group opinion even when it was incorrect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes obedience from general compliance?

    <p>Compliance does not require an authority figure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might influence an individual to conform to group behavior, such as eating a disliked food at a party?

    <p>Fear of social rejection or a desire to belong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a situation that demonstrates the bystander effect?

    <p>Several people ignore a woman falling in a crowded gym.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do confederates play in conformity experiments?

    <p>They are actors who influence participants' responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Milgram's obedience experiments, what task was the participant asked to perform?

    <p>To administer shocks to a learner based on incorrect answers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main psychological effect that occurs due to participation in a large group, such as during a sports event?

    <p>Deindividuation and higher arousal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of altruistic behavior?

    <p>It involves unselfish concern for the well-being of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the fundamental attribution error involve?

    <p>Misjudging others' behaviors as stemming from internal factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes self-serving bias?

    <p>Attributing successes to internal factors while blaming failures on external factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the halo effect imply about perception?

    <p>Positive qualities are attributed based solely on one positive characteristic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In attribution theory, how can behavior be interpreted?

    <p>As a result of both internal and external attributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the just-world hypothesis suggest about people's beliefs regarding misfortunes?

    <p>People generally deserve the misfortune that befalls them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does actor-observer bias affect an individual's view of their own behavior compared to others' behavior?

    <p>It results in attributing others' actions to internal traits while explaining one's actions with external factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bias is demonstrated when people assume that attractive individuals are more intelligent than unattractive individuals?

    <p>Halo effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to the development of prejudice according to the social context?

    <p>Hierarchical organization based on power, prestige, and class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prejudice typically develops from which of the following psychological processes?

    <p>Generalizations based on group memberships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Altruism

    • Altruism: Unselfish concern or behavior intended to benefit others.
    • Example: A vampire bat sharing blood with a starving bat despite reducing its own food supply.

    Attributional Processes

    • Attribution Theory: Individuals assign reasons for behavior, often either internal (dispositional) or external (situational).
    • Self-Serving Bias: Attributing success to internal factors (talent) and failure to external factors (unfair refereeing).
    • Fundamental Attribution Error: Assuming someone's behavior is due to internal factors rather than external ones.
    • Example: Assuming a soccer player committing a foul is inherently rude, ignoring potential external factors.
    • Halo Effect: Attributing additional positive qualities to someone with one positive quality.
    • Example: Assuming an attractive person is also intelligent.

    Prejudice

    • Prejudice: Negative beliefs or attitudes about individuals based on their group membership.
    • Influenced by power, prestige, and class: Individuals with less power and prestige are often stigmatized.
    • Role of Emotion: Negative emotions (fear, frustration) can strengthen connections to in-groups and increase prejudice towards out-groups.
    • Example: International war can lead to fear and anger towards opposing nations, contributing to prejudice.
    • Role of Cognition: Mental processes like attention, memory, and categorization contribute to prejudice.
    • Schemas: Mental frameworks help us categorize things quickly, sometimes leading to prejudiced categorization based on social identity categories.
    • Example: Seeing a white-haired man with a cane and automatically categorizing him as "old," "weak," and "frail".

    Stereotypes

    • Stereotype: Generalized beliefs about groups of people. Can be positive, negative, or neutral.
    • Stereotype Threat: Anxiety experienced when an individual feels judged based on a negative stereotype about their group.
    • Example: Female students performing worse on math tests after being reminded of the "girls are bad at math" stereotype.
    • Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: A belief (true or not) influencing behavior to make the belief true.
    • Example: An art major believing he is terrible at math, not studying, and then failing, reinforcing his belief.
    • Stigma: A characteristic devalued and seen as abnormal or unacceptable in society.
    • Example: Obesity and lung cancer being stigmatized due to association with unhealthy behaviors.

    Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

    • Ethnocentrism: Belief in one's own culture's superiority, leading to the evaluation of other cultures through one's own lens.
    • Cultural Relativism: Recognizing that no culture’s practices are inherently right or wrong and advocating for examining cultures in their own context.

    Discrimination

    • Discrimination: Unjust treatment of individuals based on group membership, denying equal access to resources and opportunities.

    • Relationship to Prejudice: Prejudice (negative beliefs) often precedes discrimination (actions based on prejudice).

    • Example: Holding prejudiced beliefs that women are not good leaders and refusing to give a woman a leadership position.

    • Individual versus Institutional Discrimination:

    • Individual discrimination: One person acts on prejudice.

    • Institutional discrimination: Policies are shaped by prejudice.

    • Example:

      • Individual discrimination: One person not helping a woman who falls in a crowded gym.
      • Institutional discrimination: Policies hindering individuals based on their identity, like hiring practices favoring certain groups.

    Group Processes and Behavior

    • Bystander Effect: Individuals are less likely to help someone in need when others are present.
    • Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness, inhibition, and personal responsibility in large, aroused groups.
    • Example: A spectator at a football game, feeling anonymous and energized, saying something they wouldn't ordinarily say.

    Conformity and Obedience

    • Conformity: Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to align with a group.
    • Motivations: To fit in or avoid rejection.
    • Experiment: Solomon Asch's conformity experiment showed that people will conform even when they know the answer is wrong.
    • Obedience: Carrying out an authority figure's orders.
    • Experiment: Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiment showed that most people will obey authority even when it means hurting others.

    Altruism

    • Altruism is characterized by unselfish behavior aimed at benefiting others, even at the expense of personal well-being or safety.
    • An example is a vampire bat sharing blood with a starving bat, even though it reduces its own food supply.

    Attributional Processes

    • Attribution theory suggests that individuals explain behavior by attributing reasons, either internal (dispositional) or external (situational).
    • Self-serving bias attributes successes to internal factors (talent) and failures to external factors (unfair refereeing).
    • Fundamental attribution error assumes someone else's behavior is due to internal factors (temperament) rather than external factors (situation).
    • The halo effect assumes someone with one positive quality (attractiveness) also possesses other positive qualities (intelligence).
    • Actor-observer bias attributes another person's behavior to internal factors (jerk) while attributing one's own behavior to external factors (running late).
    • The just-world hypothesis assumes bad things happen to people who deserve them.

    Prejudice

    • Prejudice is a preconceived negative belief or feeling about individuals or groups based on generalizations.
    • Learned through socialization, it can involve defining groups as "us" versus "them."
    • Power, prestige, and class contribute to prejudice.
    • Individuals and groups with less power and prestige often experience prejudice from more powerful groups.
    • Emotions, such as fear and frustration, can strengthen in-group connections and increase prejudice towards out-groups.
    • Cognitive processes, like schemas and stereotypes, can contribute to prejudice.

    Stereotypes

    • Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about groups of people, which can be positive, negative, or neutral.
    • They develop from limited interactions and simplified information.
    • Institutional discrimination is unjust treatment of specific groups built into organizational frameworks.

    Group Processes

    • Social facilitation is improved performance on well-rehearsed tasks in front of a crowd versus when alone.
    • Social control is the exertion of power by a group or society to ensure conformity with norms.
    • Social loafing occurs when individuals exert less effort on a task when part of a group than when alone.
    • The bystander effect is the decreased likelihood of helping someone in need when others are present, due to diffusion of responsibility.

    Group Decision-Making

    • Group polarization is the strengthening of the average attitude or opinion of group members after discussion.
    • Groupthink is the tendency to prioritize group cohesion and consensus over critical decision-making.

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of altruism, attribution processes, and prejudice in psychology. This quiz will test your understanding of how individuals behave unselfishly, assign reasons for actions, and form prejudgments based on group membership. Dive into examples and theories that shape human behavior and social perceptions.

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