Psychology Chapter on Aggression Concepts

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What leads to greater frustration and aggression according to the proximity concept?

Being close to a goal but failing at the last minute (correct)

Not having any expectations

Achieving small milestones

Being far from a goal

Which of the following factors can cause negative affect?

Frustration (correct)

Positive experiences

A sudden success

Comfortable temperatures

According to Bettencourt & Miller, how do unprovoked men compare to unprovoked women in terms of aggression?

Men are equally aggressive

Women are more aggressive

Men are more aggressive (correct)

Men are less aggressive

What is one influence on aggressive behavior according to the outlined factors?

Social norms Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the difference in aggression is attributed to gender according to Hyde's findings?

5% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aggression do boys typically use more than girls?

Physical aggression Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about gender and aggression is supported by research across different cultures?

Men show a greater tendency towards violent solutions to conflict Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to individuals feeling less aggressive upon failing their goals?

Expectation of failure Signup and view all the answers

How does physical control by parents influence children's behavior?

It models aggression, resulting in aggressive behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key finding regarding gender differences in parental control?

Parents are more controlling with boys than girls on average. Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of an honour culture?

Individuals feel compelled to protect their reputation. Signup and view all the answers

What factor is identified as contributing to the development of honour cultures?

A lack of reliable authority for protection. Signup and view all the answers

What is one outcome of parents using physical control strategies with boys?

Boys are likely to exhibit higher levels of aggression. Signup and view all the answers

In honour cultures, how do individuals typically respond to small insults?

With disproportional levels of violence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about parental control and gender stereotypes is accurate?

Fathers tend to be more controlling of boys only with strong stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What role do parents play in shaping children's aggression according to social learning theory?

They create gender stereotypes that influence aggression. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a feature of aggression?

Aggression is an observable behavior intended to harm. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates violence from aggression?

Violence is a type of aggression aimed to cause extreme physical harm. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Reformulated Frustration-Aggression Model, what must occur for frustration to lead to aggression?

Frustration must elicit negative affect. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of the original Frustration-Aggression Theory?

It believes all frustration automatically triggers aggression. Signup and view all the answers

What role does negative affect play according to the Reformulated Frustration-Aggression Model?

It increases the inclination towards aggressive behavior following frustration. Signup and view all the answers

What must be true for a situation to influence a person's aggressive behavior according to the Reformulated Frustration-Aggression Model?

Frustration should be accompanied by a negative affect. Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates the concept of aggression?

Danny implies a coworker is stealing but hopes it affects their job. Signup and view all the answers

Why might unintentional or meaningless frustration reduce the chance of aggression?

It does not lead to any strong emotional response. Signup and view all the answers

What does the culture of honour influence in individuals from the Southern USA?

Self-reliance in the pursuit of justice Signup and view all the answers

How does public insult primarily affect Southern men in terms of aggression?

It significantly impacts their masculinity Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of being raised in an environment with hostile attribution bias?

An inclination to respond aggressively Signup and view all the answers

According to the research, what role does testosterone play in aggression?

It influences both aggression and anticipation of aggression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a documented increase associated with honour cultures?

Intimate partner violence Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the tendency to perceive ambiguous actions as threatening?

Hostile attribution bias Signup and view all the answers

How do honour cultures affect war engagement among American presidents?

They increase the likelihood of war and use of force Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for children who exhibit hostile attribution bias?

They are more likely to die before age 50 Signup and view all the answers

What effect does alcohol have on aggression according to the content?

It increases aggression due to lowered self-awareness. Signup and view all the answers

How does hostile attribution bias relate to aggression?

It is associated with increased aggression in individuals. Signup and view all the answers

According to schema theory, why might alcohol increase aggression?

Expectations about alcohol's effects include increased aggression. Signup and view all the answers

What correlation was found between media violence and youth behavior?

Watching violent shows as children is associated with aggressive actions as teens. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does media violence have on a viewer's emotional response?

It leads to desensitization towards violence in real life. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the findings related to alcohol exposure among 14-year-olds?

Even without consuming alcohol, exposure can lead to increased aggression. Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation mentioned regarding the relationship between hostile attribution biases and aggression?

The relationship is only correlational. Signup and view all the answers

What role does alcohol play in aggression for soldiers, according to the findings?

It increases comfort with hostile engagements. Signup and view all the answers

What does Social Learning Theory suggest about individuals exposed to violent media?

They will learn aggressive behaviors through observation. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding in the BoBo Doll Study related to Social Learning Theory?

Children imitated violent behaviors after observing them. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Catharsis Hypothesis, what effect can engaging in violent video games have?

It allows individuals to vent their aggression in a harmless manner. Signup and view all the answers

What criticism is associated with the existing evidence for Social Learning Theory in relation to violent media?

Publication bias may skew the results towards expected outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What did the study mentioned regarding violent video games suggest about their contribution to aggression?

Violent video games may actually decrease aggression. Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the research around the Catharsis Hypothesis as noted in the content?

Most studies do not appropriately test the hypothesis. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome for participants exposed to aggressive films in the study regarding physiological arousal?

They showed lower levels of physiological arousal. Signup and view all the answers

What does the study suggest regarding past experiences with violent video games and aggression in a laboratory setting?

There is no relationship between prior exposure and aggressive behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Aggression and Violence

Aggression is any behavior—physical, verbal, or relational—intended to harm someone who doesn't want to be harmed.
Aggressive behavior is observable action, not internal thoughts or feelings.
Aggressive acts are intentional, not accidental.
Victims of aggression want to avoid harm.
Aggression may or may not achieve its intended goal.
The aim of aggression is to intentionally hurt another person.
Examples of aggression include:
- Danny telling a coworker he believes Sarah is stealing printer ink.
- Tristan throwing a punch (but missing).
- Susie kicking her partner under a table.

Violence

Violence is aggression intended to cause extreme physical harm, serious injury, or death.

Frustration Aggression Theory 1

Aggressive behavior is always caused by frustration.
Frustration always leads to aggression.
Frustration is caused when a person is blocked from achieving a goal.
Limitations: this theory doesn't account for tiredness, anxiety, or other causes of aggression.

Reformulated Frustration-Aggression Model 2

Frustration generates aggressive inclinations only if negative affect is produced.
Frustration and other discomforts lead to aggression insofar as they:
- Elicit negative affect.
- Elicit aggressive inclinations.
Frustration does not automatically cause aggression.
Aggression occurs when frustration is attached to negative affect.
Unintentional, accidental, or meaningless frustrations reduce the likelihood of aggression because they don't produce negative affect.

Expectation and Proximity

Understanding that you may not reach a goal reduces frustration and negative affect.
The closer you are to achieving a goal, the more frustrating it is when it is taken away at the last minute.

Negative Affect

Factors that can cause negative affect:
- Frustration
- Pain
- Discomfort
- Heat or humidity
- Offensive odors

Factors Influencing Aggression

Personality
Mood
Gender
Culture
Cognitive biases
Alcohol
Media

Social norms influence aggressive behavior.
Consequences can prevent aggression.
Men are more inclined to turn aggressive feelings into actions than women.
People are more aggressive towards those of the same gender and age range.

Gender and Aggression

Unprovoked men are more aggressive than unprovoked women.
When a man is emotionally aroused, he is more aggressive than a woman.
Men are more physically aggressive.
Girls use more indirect aggression than boys; boys use more physical aggression.
There is no difference in verbal aggression.
5% of the difference in aggression is due to gender.
Aggressive behavior is influenced by culture.

Culture and Aggression

Cohen et al. (1996) research proved that culture influences aggression.
Law enforcement in the South has been problematic or inadequate.
Culture of honor influences individuals to be self-reliant.
A culture of honor develops through group norms; it still exists today.
Parents in cultures of honor are more controlling toward their sons than their daughters, leading to more aggressive behavior in sons over time.

Culture of Honor

An honor culture is where people feel obligated to protect their reputation through insults, threats, and violence.
Honor cultures exist in:
- America
- Southern America.
- Inner-city neighborhoods.
- Middle East
- Jails.
- Mafia.
- Action Movies
- Lack of Authority
- Lack of law enforcement
- Individuals need to protect themselves.
Responding to small things with inappropriate levels of violent behavior.
Aimed at establishing themselves as leaders and not being messed with.
Protecting themselves
Deter others from messing with them.

Violence and Justification

Violence used for self-protection or protecting children is justified.
Homicide due to conflicts and arguments is justified.

Testosterone and Aggression

Testosterone increases aggressive reactions, anticipation of aggression, and is both a cause and consequence of aggression.

Insults and Aggression

Insults are a significant threat to a person's honor, especially in front of an audience.
Southerners view public insults as negatively impacting their masculinity.

Culture of Honor and Aggression

Southern men want to prove their masculinity and display more aggressive behaviors.
Honor cultures increase the risk of war.
American presidents born in the South are more likely to engage in war.

Culture of Honor and Domestic Violence

Increased intimate partner violence and school violence in honor cultures.
People in honor cultures are less likely to seek mental health support.

Cognitive Biases and Aggression

Hostile Attribution Bias
- The tendency to perceive ambiguous actions by others as hostile.
- High hostile attribution style linked to aggression.
- Develops from early experiences and personality styles.
- Assumes the worst from others and responds with aggression.
- May perceive laughs as being directed at them.
Hostile attribution children leading to aggressive adults.
Hostile attribution 4 times more likely to die before 50.
More likely to have martial conflict and dissatisfaction.
Leads to aggressive parenting behaviors and hard discipline.
Leads to aggression.
Aggressive people tend to interpret ambiguous situations as threats and hostile intentions.
People who display hostile attribution bias also display aggression.
Relationship between hostile attribution biases and aggression is correlational.

Alcohol and Aggression

Alcohol is purposely used to encourage aggression.
Soldiers are given alcohol to reduce anxiety and increase aggression, resulting in violence.
Violent crimes are often associated with alcohol consumption.
Increased alcohol consumption leads to more violent responses to provocation.
Alcohol is a disinhibitor and reduces self-control.
Alcohol decreases glucose.
Alcohol increases aggression to people's expectations.

Media and Aggression

Children exposed to violent TV are more aggressively towards their friends.
Teens who frequently watch violent shows engage in more aggressive behaviors.
Exposure to televised boxing matches can lead to more violent deaths in the same demographic if the fighter loses.
Desensitization to violence occurs with higher TV consumption.
Watching violent media decreases emotional response and empathy towards violence in real life, making individuals more aggressive.
Violent media programs condition individuals to be more aggressive and responsive to provocation.
Exposure to images or words associated with alcohol increase aggression even if the individual doesn't consume alcohol.

Video Game Violence and Aggression

No significant difference in aggressive behavior was observed between groups that played either violent or non-violent video games.
Social learning theory: Individuals exposed to violent media (including video games) develop aggressive or violent scripts that they may enact in real life (Bobo Doll Study).
Catharsis hypothesis: Expressing or venting emotions (e.g., violence) doesn't necessarily reduce future aggression. Violent video games don't actually help with emotional release.
Mood management theory: Individuals choose media to regulate their emotional states. Violent media may help individuals deal more healthily with depression or stress.

Study Limitations

Quasi-study design; correlation. can't determine causation.
Limited sample size
Insufficient test protocols did not generate enough frustration to elicit aggression.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the factors influencing frustration and aggression in this quiz based on psychological concepts. Dive into the differences in aggressive behavior between genders and understand how cultural contexts shape these dynamics. Test your knowledge on key studies and statistics related to aggression and its underlying influences.