Psychology Chapter on Abnormality

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the key purposes of assessment in diagnosing a problem?

Market Analysis

Social Interaction

Personal Development

Treatment Planning (correct)

Which type of validity ensures a measure relates to other measures of the same construct?

Concurrent Validity

Face Validity

Discriminant Validity

Construct Validity (correct)

What type of reliability assesses the consistency of results over time?

Test-Retest Reliability (correct)

Inter-Rater Reliability

Internal Consistency

Criterion Validity

Which type of interview follows a set series of questions presented in a standardized order?

Structured Interviews Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for building a good patient-professional relationship during initial client contact?

Rapport Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of assessment indicates the ability to predict future outcomes?

Predictive Validity Signup and view all the answers

What type of validity examines whether an assessment covers the full range of the construct?

Content Validity Signup and view all the answers

What is a common limitation of structured interviews?

Time-consuming Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of unstructured interviews?

They are prone to interviewer bias. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cognitive test assesses specific mental abilities predictive of future performance?

Aptitude Tests Signup and view all the answers

In the context of intelligence theories, what does the fluid ability refer to according to Cattell’s Two-Factor Theory?

Genetically based potential. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes problem-solving processes moment by moment in understanding intelligence?

Information Processing Theories Signup and view all the answers

The Cattell-Horn-Carroll Model arranges intelligence in what manner?

Hierarchy of specific and general intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?

Emotional Intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of testing can be a challenge for lawyers administering psychological tests?

Experience in test interpretation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding intelligence tests?

They are primarily based on hierarchical factor theories. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Full Scale IQ assess?

Overall intellectual ability based on multiple subscales Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment tool is designed for individuals aged 2.6 to 7.7 years?

WPPSI-IV Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for administering intelligence tests?

Standardized procedures must be followed Signup and view all the answers

What factors can affect the results of intelligence tests?

Psychologist factors, situational factors, and client factors Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural fairness in intelligence tests imply?

Tests may bias against those from non-North American cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about IQ scores?

IQ scores are a direct measurement of intelligence Signup and view all the answers

In personality psychology, what distinguishes a trait from a state?

Traits are enduring characteristics, whereas states are temporary Signup and view all the answers

Who identified 18,000 words referring to different personality traits?

Gordon Allport Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of deviation from statistical norms?

Traits that are rare or unusual are considered abnormal. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in determining abnormality through social norm deviation?

Context and culture surrounding the behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly reflects the personal distress model of abnormality?

Distress must be present for behavior to be labeled abnormal. Signup and view all the answers

How does the dysfunction model define abnormality?

Behavior that harms or disrupts daily functioning. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of the DSM-5?

It uses clear criteria and a common language for diagnosis. Signup and view all the answers

Which issue is identified as a controversy with the DSM-5?

There are concerns regarding diagnostic overexpansion. Signup and view all the answers

What does Eysenck's 'PEN' theory assess in terms of personality dimensions?

Aggressive tendencies, sociability, and emotional instability Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of assessment in the psychological context?

To guide treatment and integrate various information sources. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the DSM-5's organization?

Medical history. Signup and view all the answers

Which personality assessment tool is associated with Costa & McCrae's 5 Factor Theory?

NEO-PI-3 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of objective tests in personality assessments?

Unstructured and subjective interpretation Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's Psychodynamic Personality Theory, what role does the ego play?

It balances the demands of the id and superego. Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of projective tests in personality assessment?

Ability to explore hidden meanings and difficult to fake responses Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the MMPI-2/MMPI-A?

It is based on an Empirical Criterion Keying Approach. Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom-specific questionnaire is used for monitoring outcomes in mental health?

Beck Depression Inventory Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of the PAI-2/PAI-A?

11 clinical scales, 4 validity scales, and excellent reliability Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Defining Abnormality

Statistical Deviation: Abnormal behavior is statistically rare or unusual, but "average" doesn't always mean "normal" or "good."
Social Norm Deviation: Abnormal behavior disrupts societal norms, but context, culture, and changing norms are crucial.
Personal Distress: Abnormal behavior causes the individual distress, but not all distress indicates a disorder.
Dysfunction: Abnormal behavior interferes with daily functioning or social relationships, but it may take time to appear.

Diagnosing Abnormality

Diagnosis: guides treatment, educates patients, enables research, and establishes a common language between professionals.
DSM-5: categorizes mental disorders by lifespan and symptom presentation, based on clear criteria, but can be controversial due to potential diagnostic overexpansion, lack of transparency, and concerns about its cost.

Assessment

Assessment: involves collecting information to make informed decisions, integrating data, clinical expertise, and patient preferences.
Evidence-Based Assessment: uses researched, disorder-specific, reliable measures, and evaluates the accuracy and usefulness of the assessment results.
Assessment Purposes: include screening, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment planning, treatment monitoring, and evaluating treatment outcomes.

Reliability and Validity

Reliability: the consistency of test results over time, between different raters, and within the test items.
Validity: the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure, including face, content, convergent, discriminant, predictive, concurrent, and incremental validity.

Initial Client Contact

Rapport: crucial for building trust and cooperation between clinician and client, achieved through listening and eliciting information.
Initial Assessment: determines the patient's reasons for seeking help and assesses whether the clinician can meet those needs.

Interview Types

Structured Interviews: standardized questions with clear rules for follow-up, ensuring reliability, validity, and comparability between clients.
Unstructured Interviews: more open-ended and flexible, allowing for greater rapport and exploration of the client's unique history.

Cognitive Tests

Intelligence Tests: measure general mental ability, including WAIS-IV, WISC-IV, and WPPSI-IV.
Aptitude Tests: assess specific mental abilities, predicting future performance.
Achievement Tests: assess knowledge mastery and learning.
Neuropsychological Tests: assess brain functioning.

Theories of Intelligence

Factor Theories:
- Spearman: Intelligence is a single, general factor (g).
- Thurstone: Intelligence is composed of many specific factors (s).
- Cattell: Intelligence includes fluid abilities (genetic potential) and crystallized abilities (learned knowledge).
Hierarchical Factor Theories:
- Cattell-Horn-Carroll: Intelligence includes both specific (s) and general (g) abilities, arranged in a hierarchy.
Information Processing Theories:
- Sternberg's Triarchic Theory: includes componential (analytical), experiential (creative), and contextual (practical) intelligence.
Neuropsychological Theories:
- Gardner's Multiple Intelligences: Different types of intelligence linked to specific brain regions (linguistic, spatial, musical).

Personality

Personality: a consistent pattern of behavior and thinking across time and contexts, distinguishing individuals.
Theories of Personality:
- Trait Theory: focuses on enduring characteristics, stable across situations, identified by objective tests like the NEO-PI-3 or 16PF.
- Psychodynamic Theory: driven by internal forces (Id, Ego, Superego), explored through projective tests like the Rorschach or TAT.

Personality Assessment Tools

Objective Tests: self-report questionnaires with fixed response options, advantageous for economy and reliability, but susceptible to self-presentation bias.
Projective Tests: unstructured, allowing for exploration of hidden meanings, but subject to subjective interpretation and low reliability/validity.
Broad Mental Health Questionnaires:
- MMPI-2/MMPI-A: assesses abnormal behavior, based on Empirical Criterion Keying, reliable and valid but complex interpretation, and outdated concepts.
- PAI-2/PAI-A: assesses clinical, interpersonal, and treatment-related factors, based on Content Construction, with high reliability and validity.

Symptom-Specific Questionnaires

Symptom-Specific Questionnaires: focused, shorter, and cost-effective, used for progress monitoring, such as the Beck Depression Inventory, Achenbach System (CBCL and YSR), DASS, and HADS.

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Description

Explore the complexities of defining and diagnosing abnormality in psychology. This quiz covers statistical deviation, social norm deviation, personal distress, and dysfunction, as well as the role of the DSM-5 in mental health diagnosis. Test your understanding of how these concepts interact and influence treatment options.