Psychology Chapter: Motivation & Emotion Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which theory suggests that our behavior is primarily driven by the need to maintain internal equilibrium?

  • Incentive Theory
  • Drive Theory (correct)
  • Evolutionary Theory
  • Arousal theory

According to the content, what is the primary distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

  • Intrinsic motivation involves biological needs, while extrinsic involves environmental needs.
  • Intrinsic motivation is associated with avoiding punishment, while extrinsic is geared towards promised rewards.
  • Extrinsic motivation is short-term focused, while intrinsic is long-term focused.
  • Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal satisfaction; extrinsic motivation focuses on external rewards or punishments. (correct)

According to evolutionary theory, what is the ultimate goal that drives human behavior?

  • To achieve personal fulfillment and happiness.
  • To maintain internal homeostasis.
  • To seek external rewards and avoid punishments.
  • To maximize the chances of passing on one's genes. (correct)

Which of the following best describes the role of 'drive' in the drive-reduction theory?

<p>An internal state of tension caused by a physiological need. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect is associated with an increase in insulin levels?

<p>Increased hunger (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone acts primarily as an appetite suppressant?

<p>CCK (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the fundamental concept underlying all motivational drives?

<p>To maintain a state of internal equilibrium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is considered an environmental influence on hunger and eating?

<p>Learned preferences and habits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is described as rapid, unconscious and allows the individual to respond without thinking?

<p>The first pathway involving innate sensitivity to cues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of core emotions?

<p>Being consciously processed and slow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is facial feedback hypothesis primarily about?

<p>The relationship between facial expressions and emotional experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term blending refer to in the context of emotions?

<p>The combination of primary emotions to form more complex ones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do display rules primarily regulate?

<p>The ways in which emotions are expressed across cultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the James-Lange theory, what is the sequence of events in experiencing emotion?

<p>Physiological response is first, then emotion is felt. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Cannon-Bard theory, what is the role of the thalamus?

<p>To simultaneously signal the cortex and autonomic nervous system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of downregulating emotion?

<p>To distract to decrease the intensity of emotional experience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which of the following is NOT considered a food-related cue?

<p>Evolutionary factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Masters and Johnson's sexual response stages immediately precedes orgasm?

<p>Plateau (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of parental investment theory is most closely associated with which of the following?

<p>Evolutionary factors in sexual behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the experience of needing to associate and be connected with others?

<p>Affiliation Motive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical trait associated with the need for power?

<p>A desire to master challenges with high standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do our emotional and motivational states typically interact with each other?

<p>Emotion (arousal) shapes how we are motivated (action) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of emotional experience involves the subjective feelings and evaluations of events?

<p>Cognitive component (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of our future emotional experience are we typically NOT very good at predicting?

<p>Affective forecasting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Motives

Needs, wants, and desires that direct our actions towards a specific goal.

Motivation

The internal and external forces that influence our specific behaviors.

Drive Theories

Theories that suggest our actions revolve around achieving balance and reducing internal tension.

Drive

A state of tension triggered by a physiological need, like hunger or thirst.

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Drive Reduction

The process of satisfying a need and returning to a state of balance.

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Incentive Theories

Theories that say we are motivated by anticipated rewards or punishments.

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Extrinsic motivation

Motivation driven by external factors like rewards or punishments.

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Intrinsic motivation

Motivation that stems from the inherent satisfaction of an activity.

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Set Point/ Settling Point Theory

The theory that our bodies have a set point or a settling point for weight, where the body tries to maintain a certain weight range. It's related to the idea of homeostasis, where the body strives for balance.

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Genetic Predisposition to Obesity

The idea that our genes influence our predisposition to obesity. Some people might be genetically predisposed to gain weight more easily.

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Stages of Sexual Response

Refers to the phases of the sexual response cycle as described by Masters and Johnson. It involves four distinct stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution, during which physiological changes occur.

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Hormonal Regulation of Sexual Motivation

Hormones play a crucial role in regulating sexual motivation. Estrogen, androgens, and testosterone are key players in influencing sexual desire and behavior.

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Parental Investment Theory

The theory that men and women differ in their mating strategies due to unequal parental investment. Women invest more time and resources in offspring, so they might be more selective in partners.

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The Need to Belong (Affiliation Motive)

The need to associate, be connected, and belong to a group. This desire drives us to form friendships, join communities, and seek social acceptance.

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The Need to Excel (Achievement Motive)

The motivation to excel, master challenges, and meet high standards. Individuals with this motive often work harder, persevere, and delay gratification.

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The Need for Power (Control/Power Motive)

The desire to control or influence others. Individuals with this motive often seek power, status, and recognition. They enjoy competition and winning, and want to be in leadership positions.

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Reflexive Response

A quick, automatic response to stimuli, occurring before conscious awareness. It allows for rapid reactions, but there's no time for thoughtful processing.

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Limbic System

The pathway in the brain responsible for emotional processing, especially fear, involving the amygdala.

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Core Emotions

Primitive, innate emotions that are universal across cultures. They are automatic and fast, linked to neurological circuits that triggered survival behaviors.

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Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The study of how our body's physical state can influence our emotions. It suggests that physical changes, like facial expressions, can actually alter our emotional experience.

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Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It's a key part of social interaction and emotional intelligence.

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Cannon-Bard Theory

The idea that physiological arousal (heart racing, sweating) happens at the same time as the emotional experience.

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Emotion Regulation

The ability to manage and control our emotional responses. We can increase (upregulate) or decrease (downregulate) emotional intensity.

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Evolutionary Theory of Emotions

The theory that emotions are innate and evolved for survival purposes. These responses don't require conscious thought.

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Study Notes

Motivation & Emotion Overview

  • Motivation is the internal and external forces that drive behaviour, prompting a goal-directed response.
  • Motives are needs, wants, and desires that initiate a goal-oriented action.

Motivation Theories

  • Drive Theories: Suggest behavior is driven by the need to maintain homeostasis (balance). Physiological needs create a state of tension ("drive") motivating the organism to satisfy that need.
  • Needs are a deprivation that motivates to eliminate or lessen the deprivation. Drives are internal states of tension stemming from a physiological need.
  • Incentive Theories: Behavior is driven by anticipated rewards. Extrinsic motivation involves behaving to achieve an outside reward (or avoid punishment). Intrinsic motivation stems from our own desire to engage in the activity.
  • Evolutionary Theories: Suggest behaviour is driven by the need to maximize reproductive success to pass genes on. Only genes that promote species survival are preserved.

Hunger & Eating: Biological Factors

  • Brain regulation by areas of the hypothalamus.
  • Glucose and digestive regulation.
  • Decreases in blood glucose.
  • Hormonal regulation: Insulin increases hunger; Leptin suppresses hunger; Ghrelin stimulates appetite; CCK suppresses eating.

Hunger & Eating: Environmental Factors

  • Learned preferences and habits.
  • Anticipated pleasure.
  • Food-related cues.
  • Stress.
  • Variety.
  • Societal factors.

Obesity

  • Evolutionary explanations.
  • Genetic predisposition.
  • Set point/settling point (homeostasis).
  • Dietary restraint.
  • Eating disorders.

Sexual Response

  • Masters & Johnson (1966) model defines stages of the sexual response: Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution (refractory period).

Sexual Motivation & Behaviour

  • Hormonal regulation: Estrogens, androgens, testosterone.
  • Evolutionary Factors: Parental Investment:
  • Males: Minimal investment, seek multiple partners for reproductive success, often prioritizing youth/attractiveness.
  • Females: Substantial investment, seek partners with resources, often prioritizing status/resources; less interest in uncommitted sex.
  • Gender differences in sexual activity & mate preferences.
  • Sexual Orientation: Kinsey scale (measuring sexual behaviour, ranging from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual), encompassing plasticity (female sexual orientation more fluid), attraction, behavior, fantasies, and identity. Does not incorporate asexual identity.

The Need to Belong (Affiliation Motive)

  • The motivation to be connected and associated with others.
  • Important factors: Affiliation, Ostracism, Fear of Rejection, FOMO (Fear of Missing Out).

The Need to Excel (Achievement Motive)

  • The need to master challenges, and meet high standards.
  • Factors: Work harder, persistence, delay gratification, pursue academic/career goals.

The Need for Power (Control/Power Motive)

  • The need to control or influence others.
  • Related behaviours: Winning arguments, enjoying competition, enjoyment of status and recognition, need to lead.

Situational Determinants of Achievement Behaviour

  • Stable aspects of personality, such as need for achievement (motivation to achieve success) and fear of failure (strength of motivation to avoid failure).
  • Situational determinants influence behaviour: Perceived probability of success/failure and incentive value (of success/failure) on specific tasks.

Emotions

  • Emotions and motivation are complementary processes.
  • Emotions are a type of arousal that becomes action.
  • Emotions are a result of genetics and learning.
  • Emotions help us cope with recurring situations.
  • Emotions aid survival.

Elements of Emotional Experiences: Cognitive Component

  • Subjective feelings, evaluate events including positive, negative, and mixed experiences.
  • Influences our internal state.
  • Positive psychology.

Elements of Emotional Experiences: Physiological Component

  • Bodily (autonomic) arousal.
  • Affective neuroscience.

Origin of Emotions (Pathways)

  • Two distinct pathways in the brain related to emotional response:
    • Fast pathway: Responds before we’re consciously aware of the stimulus.
    • Slow pathway: Responds slower but linked to memory and conscious thought (takes more processing).
  • Both pathways rely on the limbic system, notably the amygdala.

Core Emotions

  • Primitive, hardwired, inherent, and automatic.
  • Linked to neurological circuits supporting survival-driven behaviours.
  • Foundation for more intricate emotions.

Elements of Emotional Experiences: Behavioural Component

  • Nonverbal expressions, also known as body language.
  • Facial feedback hypothesis (facial expressions affect emotional experience).
  • Empathy.

Seven Basic Emotions (and more)

  • Basic emotions.
  • Blending primary emotions to form complex emotions.

Universality of Emotion

  • Universal expression despite different languages and cultural norms.

Display Rules

  • Emotions may be universal but the rules for displaying them vary across cultures.

Reading Emotion

  • Ability to read emotion develops around age 5.
  • Children and adults read emotions similarly.

Common Sense / Emotion Theories

  • Theories about how our minds and bodies work in conjunction with emotions. Examples include: James-Lange theory, Schachter-Singer theory, Cannon-Bard theory, Evolutionary perspective.

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