Motivation and Emotion Post PDF

MOTIVATION & EMOTION  Motives & Motivation Motives: Needs, wants, desires that lead to a goal-directed behaviour Motivation: The internal & external motives that cause us to behave in a specific way 3 Motivational Theories Drive Theories: Seeking homeostasis (balance) Incenti...

MOTIVATION & EMOTION  Motives & Motivation Motives: Needs, wants, desires that lead to a goal-directed behaviour Motivation: The internal & external motives that cause us to behave in a specific way 3 Motivational Theories Drive Theories: Seeking homeostasis (balance) Incentive Theories: Regulation by external stimuli Evolutionary Theories:  Motivation: Drive Theories—our behaviour regulated by efforts to seek balance (homeostasis) Drive Reduction Theory: Physiological need creates a state of tension (a drive) that motivates (drives!) the organism to satisfy the need Need: A deprivation that energizes the need to eliminate or reduce the deprivation Drive: An internal state of tension because of a physiological need  Drive- reducin g Need Drive behavio (food, (hunger, ur water, thirst, (eating, sleep…) tiredness…) drinking , sleepin g) omeostasis: Maintain a steady internal stat Motivation: Incentive Theories -- Our behaviour is regulated by expected rewards Extrinsic motivation: A desire to perform a behaviour because of promised reward (or threat of punishment) Intrinsic motivation: A desire to perform a behaviour for its own sake Motivation: Evolutionary Theories— our behaviour regulated by need to maximize reproductive success Need  to pass on our genes Motivation aimed at promoting survival of the individual’s genes Only genes that promote survival of the species are preserved in the gene pool  Natural selection favours behaviours that maximize reproductive success (Q:What gave an advantage to our hunter- gatherer ancestors?) Behaviours we see today reflect natural selection The Motivation of Hunger & Eating: Biological Factors Brain regulation Areas of the hypothalam us Glucose and digestive regulation Decreases in blood glucose The Motivation of Hunger & Eating: Biological Factors Hormonal regulation Increased insulin more hungry Leptin [appetite suppressor] Secrete ghrelin [appetite stimulator] Stomach signals brain [satiety] Secretes CCK [appetite suppressor] The Motivation of Hunger & Eating: Environment Factors Learned preferences & habits Anticipated pleasure! Food-related cues Stress Variety Social Obesity  Evolutionary explanations  Genetic predisposition  Set point/settling point [homeostasis]  Dietary restraint  Eating disorders  Sexual Response  Masters & Johnson (1966)  Stages  Excitement  Plateau  Orgasm  Resolution (refractory period)  Sexual Motivation & Behaviour  Hormonal regulation  Estrogens, androgens, testosterone  Sexual Motivation & Behaviour  Evolutionary factors  Parental investment theory  Gender differences in sexual activity & mate preferences  Sexual Motivation & Behaviour  Gender differences in sexual activity & mate preferences  Sexual Orientation  Kinsey scale  Plasticity (female esp)  Attractions, behaviour, fantasy, Identity  Doesn’t capture asexual The Need to Belong (Affiliation Motive)  The need to associate, be connected  Affiliation  Ostracism  Fear of rejection  FOMO The Need to Excel (Achievement Motive) The need to master challenges, meet high standards Work harder Persistence Can delay gratification Pursue academic careers Situational  The Need for Power (Control/Power Motive)  Needs to control or influence others  Has to win arguments  Enjoys competition (if wins)  Enjoys status & recognition  Need to lead Situational Factors Determine Motivation Too Emotions! Emotion & motivation ~ complementary processes Emotion (arousal)  Motivation (how arousal becomes action) Why do we have emotions? Result of genetics & learning Cope with recurring situations Survival Elements of Emotional Experiences  Cognitive component  Physiological component  Behavioural component Elements of Emotional Experiences: Cognitive Subjective feelings Evaluate events (pos, neg, mixed) Influences our internal state Positive psychology AFFECTIVE FORECASTING NOT GREAT AT PREDICTING FUTURE EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES Elements of Emotional Experiences:  Physiological Bodily (autonomic ) arousal  Affective neuroscien ce Origin of emotions 2 distinct pathways in the brain One pathway is fast! Respond before even conscious of stimuli Allows for rapid response (no time to process!) Innate sensitivity to certain cues  Origin of emotions  The second pathway is slower!  Linked to memory, conscious thought  Both pathways rely on limbic system, especially amygdala Core Emotions Primitive, hardwired, innate & universal Automatic & fast Linked to neurological circuit that triggers behaviours that have survival value The building blocks of more complex emotions… Elements of Nonverbal expressiven a/k/a « body languag Emotional ess e» Experienc es: Facial feedback Empathy Behaviour hypothesis al Seven Basic Emotions What are they?  Aren’t there more than 6 or 7 emotions!?  Blending primary= more complex emotions  Feel primary first  Secondary emerge Universality of Emotion  Universal emotion expression  Despite different languages, cultures, & norms  Display Rules  Emotions may be universal but rules about displaying vary across cultures  Reading Emotion  Ability to read emotion starts around 5 years of age  Children quickly as good as adults COMMON SENSE  Heart races because there’s a viscious dog… Feel afraid Heart races, oh, and look, there’s a dog, feel afraid JAMES-LANGE THEORY (AND SCHACHTER ~ SIMILAR) CANNON-BARD Experience physiological arousal & emotion at the same time. Thalams signals cortex (« dog! ») and autonomic nervous system (heart races etc.) simultaneously  EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Emotions are innate, survival-oriented reactions to stimuli in the environment [no thinking required!]  Emotion Regulation We vary in our ability to manage & respond to emotional experience Upregulating emotion (focus to increase) Downregulating emotion (distract to decrease) Label emotions, acknowledge, find enjoyment, distract, reappraise, communicate, fact check, meditate