Psychology Chapter: Internal Working Models
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Questions and Answers

What is an internal working model?

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How can a negative internal working model develop?

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What is the primary relationship that influences a child’s internal working model?

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How does a secure attachment in infancy generally affect a child’s development?

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What is the relationship between early attachment and support from parents in middle childhood?

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Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of intimacy in relationships?

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What is a key aspect of commitment in a relationship?

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What is the main reason why psychological constructs are challenging to study and measure?

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What does the overlap between different relationship qualities indicate?

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What is 'operationalization' in the context of relationship research?

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What is a characteristic of self-report data?

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What is a potential drawback of self-report data in relationship research?

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Which of the following research methods rely on participants' own reports about their relationships?

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Imagine you are researching the impact of social media on relationship satisfaction. Which of the following is NOT a potential source of bias in self-reported data?

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According to the passage, how can we ensure the validity of self-report scales used in relationship research?

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What is the main advantage of using a direct observation method in relationship research?

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What is the main disadvantage of using correlational research to study relationships?

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What is 'interrater reliability' in the context of relationship research?

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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential problem with using direct observation in relationship research?

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What is the 'third variable problem' in correlational research?

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What is a scatter plot used for in correlational research?

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In the context of the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model, what does it mean when someone is 'sensitive to rejection'?

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According to the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model, what is likely to occur in a relationship where both partners are highly sensitive to rejection?

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In experimental research, what is the purpose of random assignment?

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In an experiment investigating the effects of couples therapy on relationship satisfaction, what would be considered the independent variable?

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Why is it important to consider the error bars when interpreting the results of an experiment?

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Why are humans considered a social species?

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What are 'cute features' in infants and what is their purpose?

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Why is it important for infants to exhibit 'social response' beyond just having 'cute features'?

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At what age do infants typically pass the "rouge test" indicating self-awareness?

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What is the primary purpose of the "secure base" concept in attachment theory?

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Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of self-conscious emotions?

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What is the primary difference between egocentrism and perspective taking?

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Which of the following best describes the concept of 'theory of mind'?

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The "Strange Situation" experiment is designed to assess which of the following?

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Which type of attachment involves the child viewing the caregiver as a trusted individual who will consistently meet their needs?

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How do older children demonstrate an understanding of others' actions and motivations?

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How does the concept of 'competence' differ across cultures?

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What is a key limitation of categorizing individuals into attachment styles, according to the text?

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What does the text suggest is a reason why some babies may receive less positive feedback from their caregivers?

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What is a key characteristic of secure attachment that holds across cultures?

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What does the text suggest about the importance of considering individual differences in attachment styles?

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What is the main argument presented in the content regarding attachment theory and culture?

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What is the main point of the text regarding Bartholomew's four attachment styles?

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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that can influence attachment styles?

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Flashcards

Mutuality

A shared understanding in a relationship, considering both partners as 'us'.

Commitment

The expectation that a partnership will continue indefinitely, involving time, effort, and resources.

Psychological Constructs

Intangible aspects of relationships that cannot be measured directly, such as love and trust.

Operationalization

The process of translating psychological constructs into measurable terms for research.

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Self-Reports

Participants' personal accounts of their behaviors, attitudes, and experiences in relationships.

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Open-ended questions

Questions allowing participants to use their own words in responses, providing rich qualitative data.

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Fixed response questions

Questions where the same range of choices is provided to all participants, like surveys.

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The Love Scale

A fixed scale used to quantify feelings of love in research, must be validated.

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Self-Report Pros

Some relationship constructs are best measured using self-report methods.

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Self-Report Cons

Self-reports can be biased and may not truly reflect the underlying construct.

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Ecological Observation

Method of capturing behaviors in natural settings using diaries or surveys.

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Pros of Direct Observation

Allows for objective assessment of relationship behaviors.

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Cons of Direct Observation

Can be expensive and time-consuming, and influence behavior.

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Interrater Reliability

A measure of agreement among observers about behaviors.

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Correlational Research

Examines the relationship between variables without proving cause.

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Positive Correlation

As one variable increases, so does the other (e.g., coffee and energy).

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Negative Correlation

As one variable increases, the other decreases (e.g., coffee and sleep).

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Third Variable Problem

An unexamined variable that could influence both observed variables.

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Internal Working Model

Set of expectations about caregivers' availability and responsiveness based on early experiences.

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Secure Attachment

A bond formed when caregivers are consistently responsive, leading to higher relationship stability in adulthood.

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Insecure Attachment

A bond characterized by anxiety and lack of trust due to inconsistent caregiving.

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Effects of Early Attachment

Early attachment influences quality of later relationships and friendships.

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Parental Impact

The quality of support from parents during middle childhood affects adult relationships.

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Attachment Theory

A psychological model explaining how infants bond with caregivers.

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Cultural Variability in Attachment

Attachment styles may vary based on cultural norms and values.

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Competence Across Cultures

The ways in which secure attachment influences skills and behaviors are culturally specific.

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Bartholomew's Four Styles

A categorization of attachment styles acknowledging more complexity than three types.

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Child's Temperament

Biologically-based behavioral styles affecting attachment development.

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Negative Emotionality

A temperament where babies show high levels of distress and negativity.

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Soothability

The ease with which a child can be comforted and calmed.

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Self-Conscious Emotions

Emotions like guilt and pride that develop when infants understand others' reactions, typically from 18 to 24 months.

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Rouge Test

A test used to determine self-awareness in infants by checking if they recognize themselves in a mirror, typically passed by 15-18 months.

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Theory of Mind

The understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from one's own.

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Perspective Taking

The ability to understand a situation from another person's point of view.

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Attachment Styles

Patterns in how individuals relate to others, shaped by their environment and caregiving experiences.

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Stages of Attachment

Developmental phases of attachment: Pre-attachment, Attachment in making, True Attachment, and Reciprocal relationship.

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Egocentrism

The inability to differentiate one’s own perspective from that of others, common in young children.

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John Bowlby's Attachment Theory

The concept that attachments with primary caregivers are vital for survival and later emotional development.

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Rejection Sensitivity

The degree to which an individual perceives and reacts to potential rejection.

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Actor-Partner Interdependence Model

A framework to understand how partner behaviors and perceptions influence each other's relationship satisfaction.

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Experimental Research

Study method involving the manipulation of one or more variables to determine effects on other variables.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is intentionally manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment; it reflects the effect of the independent variable.

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Statistical Significance

The likelihood that a relationship between variables is caused by something other than chance.

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Error Bars

Visual representations of the variability of data in experiments, indicating the precision of data estimates.

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Innate Social Need

The instinctual drive for humans to form social bonds for survival and well-being.

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Description

This quiz explores the concept of internal working models and their impact on relationships, especially in the context of attachment theory. It delves into how early relationships shape a child's development and the implications for intimacy and commitment in later relationships. Test your knowledge on psychological constructs and research methods in relationship psychology.

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