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Who is known as the pioneer of operant conditioning?
What concept involves action leading to a reward which encourages the subject to repeat the action?
Operant conditioning
What is the definition of shaping in operant conditioning?
An operant conditioning procedure that uses reinforcers to guide behavior toward closer approximations of the desired behavior.
What are reinforcers in the context of behavior?
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Positive reinforcement involves increasing behaviors by presenting negative stimuli.
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Define negative reinforcement.
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What is punishment in behavioral terms?
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What is classical conditioning?
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What does an unconditioned stimulus trigger?
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What is the unconditioned response?
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What is the conditioned stimulus?
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What is a conditioned response?
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What is extinction in operant conditioning?
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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What does generalization mean in psychology?
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What is discrimination in classical conditioning?
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What are schedules of reinforcement?
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What is a fixed ratio schedule?
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What is a variable ratio schedule?
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What is a fixed interval schedule?
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What is a variable interval schedule?
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Study Notes
Key Figures in Conditioning
- BF Skinner: A major proponent of operant conditioning; emphasized rewards and punishments in shaping behavior. Known for experiments with pigeons and rats using an operant conditioning apparatus.
- Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist famous for pioneering classical conditioning through his studies on conditioned salivary responses in dogs.
Operant Conditioning Concepts
- Operant Conditioning: A method where behaviors are strengthened through rewards, encouraging repeated actions.
- Shaping: A gradual process where reinforcers guide behavior closer to a desired outcome.
- Reinforcers: Consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
- Positive Reinforcement: Involves presenting favorable outcomes to increase a desired behavior (e.g., providing food after a desired action).
- Negative Reinforcement: Utilizes the removal of aversive stimuli to strengthen behavior, such as administering shocks until a desired action is performed.
- Punishment: Any event that serves to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
Classical Conditioning Terms
- Classical Conditioning: A learning process that pairs a neutral stimulus with one that naturally triggers a reflexive response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally causes a response without prior learning.
- Unconditioned Response (UR): An unlearned response that occurs automatically in reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation when food is present).
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Initially neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, begins to trigger a conditioned response.
- Conditioned Response (CR): The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that was previously neutral.
Behavioral Conditioning Processes
- Extinction: Occurs when a conditioned response diminishes due to the removal of reinforcement associated with the conditioned stimulus.
- Spontaneous Recovery: The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.
- Generalization: The transfer of learned responses to stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
- Discrimination: The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Schedules of Reinforcement
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Schedules of Reinforcement: Rules determining the timing and frequency of reinforcers; important types include:
- Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement after a specific number of responses (e.g., payment per product made).
- Variable Ratio: Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses, enhancing unpredictability.
- Fixed Interval: Reinforcement given after a fixed period (e.g., payday every Friday).
- Variable Interval: Reinforcement provided after varying lengths of time, promoting steady responses.
- Partial Reinforcement: Involves variable schedules, enhancing learning over continuous reinforcement, which is more predictable and fixed.
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Description
Explore the concepts of operant and classical conditioning through these flashcards. Learn about key figures like BF Skinner and Ivan Pavlov and their pioneering work in behaviorism. This quiz will help strengthen your understanding of how conditioning influences behavior.