Questions and Answers
Define memory.
An active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, organizes it as it stores away, and then retrieves the information from storage.
What are the 3 processes of memory? (Understand their meaning)
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
How is information processed in the parallel distributed processing model of memory?
Connections
What is the difference between iconic and echoic memory?
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Define sensory memory.
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Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?
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How does information get from our sensory to our short term memory?
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What magic number did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?
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What is the capacity of long term memory?
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Define nondeclarative memories.
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How does chunking work?
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What are two types of rehearsals for moving information from short-term to long-term memory?
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Which memory is recalling the definition of long-term memory?
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Define retrieval cue.
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Define recency and primacy effect.
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Who plays a major role in research of eyewitness memory?
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What happens as memories get older?
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What is an example of a flashbulb memory?
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What major contribution does Ebbinghaus make to memory/forgetting?
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Study Notes
Memory Overview
- Memory is an active system involving the reception, organization, storage, and retrieval of information from sensory input.
Processes of Memory
- Three main processes: Encoding (transforming information), Storage (maintaining information), and Retrieval (calling back information).
Parallel Distributed Processing Model
- Information is processed through interconnected networks, utilizing connections among nodes for efficient memory operations.
Types of Memory
- Iconic Memory: Short-lived visual information storage.
- Echoic Memory: Longer-lasting auditory information storage.
Sensory Memory
- The initial stage of memory where information enters through sensory systems, capturing stimuli for brief periods.
Short-Term Memory
- Short-term echoic memory facilitates meaningful conversations by retaining auditory information temporarily.
Transition to Short-Term Memory
- Selective attention is critical for transferring information from sensory memory to short-term memory, focusing on specific stimuli.
Memory Capacity
- Short-term memory typically has a capacity of about seven items, according to Miller's "magic number."
- Long-term memory (LTM) has an unlimited capacity.
Nondeclarative Memories
- These include implicit memories related to skills and habits, which influence behavior without conscious awareness.
Chunking Information
- Chunking involves breaking down larger information into smaller, manageable units to enhance memory retention.
Rehearsal Techniques
- Maintenance rehearsal: Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.
- Elaborative rehearsal: Connecting new information to existing knowledge for long-term retention.
Semantic Memory
- Recall of definitions or factual knowledge is known as semantic memory, which represents general knowledge.
Retrieval Cues
- Retrieval cues are stimuli that help facilitate the recall of information by linking it to existing memories.
Memory Effects
- Recency effect: Tendency to remember the last items in a list.
- Primacy effect: Tendency to remember the first items in a list.
Eyewitness Memory Research
- Elizabeth Loftus is prominent in the study of eyewitness testimony and memory reliability.
Memory Alteration
- As memories age, they are subject to change and potential alteration.
Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb memories are vivid, detailed recollections of significant or traumatic events, such as September 11.
Forgetting Curve
- Hermann Ebbinghaus introduced the forgetting curve, demonstrating the rate at which information is forgotten over time.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Chapter 9 of Psychology with this review quiz. It covers key concepts such as memory definition, processes of memory, and information processing models. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding and preparation for exams.