Psychology Chapter 9 Review

Questions and Answers

Define memory.

An active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, organizes it as it stores away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

What are the 3 processes of memory? (Understand their meaning)

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

How is information processed in the parallel distributed processing model of memory?

Connections

What is the difference between iconic and echoic memory?

Iconic memory is visual memory and is shorter. Echoic memory is auditory memory and is longer. Signup and view all the answers

Define sensory memory.

The very first stage of memory; the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

Short term echoic Signup and view all the answers

How does information get from our sensory to our short term memory?

Through selective attention, the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input. Signup and view all the answers

What magic number did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?

7 Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity of long term memory?

Unlimited Signup and view all the answers

Define nondeclarative memories.

Nondeclarative (implicit) memory is a type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. Signup and view all the answers

How does chunking work?

Breaking down information into smaller units. Signup and view all the answers

What are two types of rehearsals for moving information from short-term to long-term memory?

Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

Which memory is recalling the definition of long-term memory?

Semantic because it's general knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Define retrieval cue.

A stimulus for remembering (tying it in with something you already know) Signup and view all the answers

Define recency and primacy effect.

Recency effect is the tendency to remember information at the end of it rather than the beginning. Primacy effect is the tendency to remember information at the beginning rather than at the end. Signup and view all the answers

Who plays a major role in research of eyewitness memory?

Elizabeth Loftus Signup and view all the answers

What happens as memories get older?

It changes and can be altered. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a flashbulb memory?

Traumatic events like 9/11 Signup and view all the answers

What major contribution does Ebbinghaus make to memory/forgetting?

Forgetting curve Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory Overview

Memory is an active system involving the reception, organization, storage, and retrieval of information from sensory input.

Processes of Memory

Three main processes: Encoding (transforming information), Storage (maintaining information), and Retrieval (calling back information).

Parallel Distributed Processing Model

Information is processed through interconnected networks, utilizing connections among nodes for efficient memory operations.

Types of Memory

Iconic Memory: Short-lived visual information storage.
Echoic Memory: Longer-lasting auditory information storage.

Sensory Memory

The initial stage of memory where information enters through sensory systems, capturing stimuli for brief periods.

Short-Term Memory

Short-term echoic memory facilitates meaningful conversations by retaining auditory information temporarily.

Transition to Short-Term Memory

Selective attention is critical for transferring information from sensory memory to short-term memory, focusing on specific stimuli.

Memory Capacity

Short-term memory typically has a capacity of about seven items, according to Miller's "magic number."
Long-term memory (LTM) has an unlimited capacity.

Nondeclarative Memories

These include implicit memories related to skills and habits, which influence behavior without conscious awareness.

Chunking Information

Chunking involves breaking down larger information into smaller, manageable units to enhance memory retention.

Rehearsal Techniques

Maintenance rehearsal: Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.
Elaborative rehearsal: Connecting new information to existing knowledge for long-term retention.

Semantic Memory

Recall of definitions or factual knowledge is known as semantic memory, which represents general knowledge.

Retrieval Cues

Retrieval cues are stimuli that help facilitate the recall of information by linking it to existing memories.

Memory Effects

Recency effect: Tendency to remember the last items in a list.
Primacy effect: Tendency to remember the first items in a list.

Eyewitness Memory Research

Elizabeth Loftus is prominent in the study of eyewitness testimony and memory reliability.

Memory Alteration

As memories age, they are subject to change and potential alteration.

Flashbulb Memory

Flashbulb memories are vivid, detailed recollections of significant or traumatic events, such as September 11.

Forgetting Curve

Hermann Ebbinghaus introduced the forgetting curve, demonstrating the rate at which information is forgotten over time.

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Description

Test your knowledge on Chapter 9 of Psychology with this review quiz. It covers key concepts such as memory definition, processes of memory, and information processing models. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding and preparation for exams.