Psychology Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior satisfying physiological or psychological needs?

Stimulus Motives

Motives

Homeostasis

Motivation (correct)

What are motives?

Needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people in certain directions.

What is sociobiology?

The study of the genetic and evolutionary basis of social behavior in all organisms.

What does natural selection favor?

Behaviors that maximize reproductive success. Signup and view all the answers

What are stimulus motives?

The innate needs for stimulation and information. Signup and view all the answers

What are primary motives?

Innate motives based on biological needs. Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary motives?

Motives based on learned needs, drives, and goals. Signup and view all the answers

Define homeostasis.

A state of physiological equilibrium or stability. Signup and view all the answers

What is a drive?

An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce that tension. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two most powerful drives in humans?

Hunger drive and sex drive. Signup and view all the answers

What is the glucostatic theory?

Fluctuations in blood glucose levels are monitored by glucostats, resulting in a hunger drive. Signup and view all the answers

Define parental investment theory.

Theory stating that the species mating pattern depends on what each sex has to invest to produce and nurture offspring. Signup and view all the answers

What does intrinsic motivation refer to?

Motivation that comes from within, rather than from external rewards. Signup and view all the answers

What is the expectancy-value model of motivation?

Motivation to pursue a particular course of action depends on expectancy and the value of the desired incentive. Signup and view all the answers

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A framework detailing human needs from physiological to self-actualization. Signup and view all the answers

What are display rules?

Cultural norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions. Signup and view all the answers

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions.

True Signup and view all the answers

Theory X assumes employees are motivated by personal rewards and self-directed goals.

False Signup and view all the answers

Emotions are characterized by physiological arousal and changes in facial expression.

True Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation and Behavior

Motivation: Initiates, directs, and sustains behavior to satisfy physiological or psychological needs.
Motive: Needs and desires that drive behavior in certain directions.

Sociobiology and Evolution

Sociobiology: Studies the genetic and evolutionary foundations of social behavior across species.
Natural Selection & Evolutionary Advantage: Promotes behaviors maximizing reproductive success, including:
- Sexual activity for reproduction
- Competition for resources
- Aggression for survival
- Altruism for species survival
- Intelligence as a survival trait

Types of Motives

Stimulus Motives: Innate needs for stimulation and information.
Primary Motives: Biological needs (e.g., hunger, thirst, temperature regulation).
Secondary Motives: Learned needs based on experience and social context.

Homeostasis and Drives

Homeostasis: Physiological equilibrium.
Drive: Internal tension motivating activities to alleviate that tension.

Hunger and Sex Drives

Hunger Drive & Sex Drive: Two primary drives influencing behavior.
Hunger Drive - Biological Perspectives: Influenced by brain functions, glucostatic theories, hormonal regulation, and set points.

Brain Structures and Hunger Regulation

Lateral Hypothalamus: Damage leads to loss of appetite; stimulation causes overeating.
Ventromedial Nucleus: Damage leads to overeating; stimulation causes cessation of eating.

Theories of Hunger Regulation

Glucostatic Theory: Hunger drive arises from fluctuations in blood glucose levels.
Hormonal Regulation: Insulin fluctuations also influence hunger.
Set Point: Ideal body fat level maintained through eating behaviors.

Influences on Hunger

Learned Preferences: Culturally influenced tastes and customs affecting hunger.
External Eating Cues: Social stimuli prompting eating behavior (e.g., time cues, aromas).
Stress/Arousal: Stress can trigger arousal states that increase hunger drive.

Parental Investment and Sexual Orientation

Parental Investment Theory: Species mating patterns depend on investment in offspring care.
Sexual Orientation: Preferences for emotional and sexual relationships.

Personality and Motivation

Sensation Seeking: Desire for high stimulus levels characterizes certain personalities.
Achievement Motive: Drive to meet internal standards of excellence.

Motivation Theories

Incentives: External goals that motivate behavior.
Intrinsic Motivation: Internal satisfaction from tasks; enjoyment-based.
Extrinsic Motivation: Motivation from external rewards or obligations.

Push-Pull Theory

Drive Theories: Internal states push behavior.
Incentive Theories: External stimuli pull behavior.

Expectancy-Value Model

Motivation is contingent on expectancy (probability of success) and the value of the incentive.

Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory

Motivation Factors: Enhance motivation but absence doesn't lead to dissatisfaction.
Hygiene Factors: Prevent dissatisfaction rather than increase motivation.

Theories of Work Motivation

Theory X: Assumes employees dislike work and need strict control.
Theory Y: Believes employees are motivated by personal rewards and responsibility.

Emotion Definitions

Emotion: Expression of mood or feeling states.
Emotions: Complex feelings accompanied by physiological changes.

Components of Emotion

Cognitive: Conscious experience of feelings.
Physiological: Bodily responses (e.g., fight or flight).
Behavioral: Expressed through nonverbal cues like facial expressions.

Fundamental Emotions

Six basic emotions: Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust.

Expression and Theories of Emotion

Display Rules: Cultural norms governing emotion expression.
Common Sense Theory: Stimulus leads to feelings and autonomic arousal.
James-Lange Theory: Emotions result from physical reactions.
Cannon-Bard Theory: Simultaneous experience of emotion and physiological arousal.
Schachter's Two-Factor Theory: Emotion based on arousal and cognitive appraisal.

Evolutionary Perspectives

Emotions viewed as adaptive traits developed for survival.
Blending Theory: Majority of emotions are combinations of primary emotions.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Five levels of needs from physiological to self-actualization, emphasizing that lower needs must be met before higher needs can be pursued.

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Description

Dive into the key concepts of motivation and socio-biology in Psychology Chapter 9. This flashcard set will enhance your understanding of the processes that drive human behavior, including needs and evolutionary factors. Perfect for students looking to grasp essential psychological terms.