Questions and Answers
Generally speaking, __________ refers to any mental activity or processing of information, including learning, remembering, perceiving, believing, and deciding.
thinking
Eric's behaviors were most immediately influenced by the __________.
availability heuristic
This demonstrates __________.
the hindsight bias
What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?
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What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some core qualities?
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According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a person's language shapes __________.
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________ is the process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives.
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This is an example of __________.
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The field of __________ emphasizes research into the way the brain works when one makes financial decisions.
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Each time Sally uses a formula, she is making use of what psychologists call __________.
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The relationship between two problems is called __________.
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This best illustrates the concept of __________.
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Which cognitive tendency has Alex clearly mastered?
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Which aspect of language is giving you trouble?
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What is missing when a student who skips class copies notes from another student?
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What demonstrates a __________ variation in how they request it?
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Using words like hee-haw or cock-a-doodle-doo to describe the sound that a donkey or rooster might make provides us with examples of __________.
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Using the __________ procedure, researchers have found that infants can recognize sounds to which they were exposed in utero.
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Should Linda be worried about her 3-month-old infant's repeated sounds?
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Which of the following represents the most accurate statement about how children learn language?
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They are engaging in __________.
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Matthew is currently in the __________ stage of language development.
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What is the most likely explanation for the children's ability to communicate with one another?
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A __________ period is a time during which people are more receptive to learning and can acquire knowledge more easily.
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Which theory of language acquisition might support the statement about riding a bike and hitting a baseball?
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Study Notes
Thinking
- Refers to mental activities and information processing, including learning, remembering, perceiving, believing, and deciding.
Availability Heuristic
- A cognitive bias where individuals assess the likelihood of an event based on recent experiences or media exposure, influencing beliefs and behaviors.
Hindsight Bias
- The phenomenon where individuals believe, after an event has occurred, that they could have predicted the outcome, often leading to feelings of regret about prior choices.
Confirmation Bias
- The tendency to seek out information that supports existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.
Concepts
- Mental categories that group activities, objects, qualities, or situations based on shared essential characteristics.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- Proposes that language shapes thought processes, influencing how individuals perceive their world.
Decision Making
- Involves selecting from multiple alternatives, a fundamental process in human cognition.
Framing Information
- The way information is presented affects people's perceptions and reactions, exemplified by survival vs. mortality rates in health communication.
Neuroeconomics
- An interdisciplinary field studying brain activity related to financial decision-making, combining psychology, neuroscience, and economics.
Algorithms
- Step-by-step procedures or formulas used to solve problems, often leading to a guaranteed solution if followed correctly.
Salience of Surface Similarities
- Occurs when individuals overlook underlying similarities between problems because of differing surface features.
Mental Sets
- Cognitive frameworks that hinder problem-solving when individuals apply known methods to new problems that require different approaches.
Functional Fixedness
- A cognitive bias limiting a person’s ability to use an object only for its traditional function, leading to innovative problem-solving.
Phonemes
- The smallest units of sound in language that can distinguish meaning, which may vary significantly across languages.
Extralinguistic Information
- Contextual cues beyond the words spoken, including tone, body language, and setting, essential for comprehension in communication.
Dialect
- Variations in language use based on region or social group, illustrating how similar requests can be expressed differently.
Onomatopoeia
- Words that phonetically imitate sounds they describe, enhancing language through sensory connection.
High-Amplitude Sucking
- A research method used to assess newborns’ recognition of sounds based on changes in their sucking behavior.
Babbling
- Normal infant behavior involving repetitive syllable sounds, indicating early language development rather than worry.
Comprehension and Production in Language Development
- Children typically understand words before they can produce them, highlighting the stages of language acquisition.
Underextension
- Occurs when a child applies a word too narrowly, misunderstanding its broader application to other instances.
One-Word Stage
- A developmental phase where toddlers use single words to express complete ideas, demonstrating early language use.
Homesign
- A unique form of communication created by deaf children with no formal sign language exposure, exemplifying language’s adaptability.
Critical Period
- A timeframe in development when individuals are especially receptive to acquiring new skills or knowledge, particularly in language learning.
General Cognitive Processing Account
- Suggests that general cognitive skills apply to learning language, parallel to skills used in physical activities like riding a bike or hitting a baseball.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts from Psychology Chapter 8 with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential terms like thinking and availability heuristic, helping you deepen your understanding of cognitive processes and decision-making. Perfect for students looking to review or reinforce their learning.
