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Questions and Answers
Generally speaking, __________ refers to any mental activity or processing of information, including learning, remembering, perceiving, believing, and deciding.
Generally speaking, __________ refers to any mental activity or processing of information, including learning, remembering, perceiving, believing, and deciding.
thinking
Eric's behaviors were most immediately influenced by the __________.
Eric's behaviors were most immediately influenced by the __________.
availability heuristic
This demonstrates __________.
This demonstrates __________.
the hindsight bias
What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?
What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?
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What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some core qualities?
What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some core qualities?
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According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a person's language shapes __________.
According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a person's language shapes __________.
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________ is the process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives.
________ is the process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives.
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This is an example of __________.
This is an example of __________.
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The field of __________ emphasizes research into the way the brain works when one makes financial decisions.
The field of __________ emphasizes research into the way the brain works when one makes financial decisions.
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Each time Sally uses a formula, she is making use of what psychologists call __________.
Each time Sally uses a formula, she is making use of what psychologists call __________.
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The relationship between two problems is called __________.
The relationship between two problems is called __________.
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This best illustrates the concept of __________.
This best illustrates the concept of __________.
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Which cognitive tendency has Alex clearly mastered?
Which cognitive tendency has Alex clearly mastered?
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Which aspect of language is giving you trouble?
Which aspect of language is giving you trouble?
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What is missing when a student who skips class copies notes from another student?
What is missing when a student who skips class copies notes from another student?
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What demonstrates a __________ variation in how they request it?
What demonstrates a __________ variation in how they request it?
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Using words like hee-haw or cock-a-doodle-doo to describe the sound that a donkey or rooster might make provides us with examples of __________.
Using words like hee-haw or cock-a-doodle-doo to describe the sound that a donkey or rooster might make provides us with examples of __________.
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Using the __________ procedure, researchers have found that infants can recognize sounds to which they were exposed in utero.
Using the __________ procedure, researchers have found that infants can recognize sounds to which they were exposed in utero.
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Should Linda be worried about her 3-month-old infant's repeated sounds?
Should Linda be worried about her 3-month-old infant's repeated sounds?
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Which of the following represents the most accurate statement about how children learn language?
Which of the following represents the most accurate statement about how children learn language?
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They are engaging in __________.
They are engaging in __________.
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Matthew is currently in the __________ stage of language development.
Matthew is currently in the __________ stage of language development.
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What is the most likely explanation for the children's ability to communicate with one another?
What is the most likely explanation for the children's ability to communicate with one another?
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A __________ period is a time during which people are more receptive to learning and can acquire knowledge more easily.
A __________ period is a time during which people are more receptive to learning and can acquire knowledge more easily.
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Which theory of language acquisition might support the statement about riding a bike and hitting a baseball?
Which theory of language acquisition might support the statement about riding a bike and hitting a baseball?
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Study Notes
Thinking
- Refers to mental activities and information processing, including learning, remembering, perceiving, believing, and deciding.
Availability Heuristic
- A cognitive bias where individuals assess the likelihood of an event based on recent experiences or media exposure, influencing beliefs and behaviors.
Hindsight Bias
- The phenomenon where individuals believe, after an event has occurred, that they could have predicted the outcome, often leading to feelings of regret about prior choices.
Confirmation Bias
- The tendency to seek out information that supports existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.
Concepts
- Mental categories that group activities, objects, qualities, or situations based on shared essential characteristics.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- Proposes that language shapes thought processes, influencing how individuals perceive their world.
Decision Making
- Involves selecting from multiple alternatives, a fundamental process in human cognition.
Framing Information
- The way information is presented affects people's perceptions and reactions, exemplified by survival vs. mortality rates in health communication.
Neuroeconomics
- An interdisciplinary field studying brain activity related to financial decision-making, combining psychology, neuroscience, and economics.
Algorithms
- Step-by-step procedures or formulas used to solve problems, often leading to a guaranteed solution if followed correctly.
Salience of Surface Similarities
- Occurs when individuals overlook underlying similarities between problems because of differing surface features.
Mental Sets
- Cognitive frameworks that hinder problem-solving when individuals apply known methods to new problems that require different approaches.
Functional Fixedness
- A cognitive bias limiting a person’s ability to use an object only for its traditional function, leading to innovative problem-solving.
Phonemes
- The smallest units of sound in language that can distinguish meaning, which may vary significantly across languages.
Extralinguistic Information
- Contextual cues beyond the words spoken, including tone, body language, and setting, essential for comprehension in communication.
Dialect
- Variations in language use based on region or social group, illustrating how similar requests can be expressed differently.
Onomatopoeia
- Words that phonetically imitate sounds they describe, enhancing language through sensory connection.
High-Amplitude Sucking
- A research method used to assess newborns’ recognition of sounds based on changes in their sucking behavior.
Babbling
- Normal infant behavior involving repetitive syllable sounds, indicating early language development rather than worry.
Comprehension and Production in Language Development
- Children typically understand words before they can produce them, highlighting the stages of language acquisition.
Underextension
- Occurs when a child applies a word too narrowly, misunderstanding its broader application to other instances.
One-Word Stage
- A developmental phase where toddlers use single words to express complete ideas, demonstrating early language use.
Homesign
- A unique form of communication created by deaf children with no formal sign language exposure, exemplifying language’s adaptability.
Critical Period
- A timeframe in development when individuals are especially receptive to acquiring new skills or knowledge, particularly in language learning.
General Cognitive Processing Account
- Suggests that general cognitive skills apply to learning language, parallel to skills used in physical activities like riding a bike or hitting a baseball.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts from Psychology Chapter 8 with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential terms like thinking and availability heuristic, helping you deepen your understanding of cognitive processes and decision-making. Perfect for students looking to review or reinforce their learning.
