Psychology Chapter 5 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following are types of development? (Select all that apply)

Emotional regulation

Social/emotional (correct)

Cognitive (correct)

Physical (correct)

What is the sequence of prenatal development and newborn stages?

Conception --> Prenatal Development --> The Competent Newborn

What occurs during conception?

Sperm and egg unite to form the zygote.

What are teratogens?

Substances that can harm the developing embryo or fetus Signup and view all the answers

How do fetuses respond to sounds?

Fetuses can recognize and adapt to sounds, habituating to annoying sounds. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an inborn skill?

The rooting reflex Signup and view all the answers

Define maturation in psychology.

Changes that occur primarily because of the passage of time. Signup and view all the answers

What is cognition?

Mental activities that help us function. Signup and view all the answers

What did Jean Piaget study?

Errors in cognition made by children. Signup and view all the answers

What is a schema?

A mental container for holding experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What are assimilation and accommodation?

Assimilation is integrating new experience into existing schemas; accommodation is adjusting schemas for new information. Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of Jean Piaget's cognitive development with their descriptions:

Sensorimotor = Experiencing the world through senses and actions. Preoperational = Using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. Concrete operational = Thinking logically about concrete events. Formal operational = Abstract reasoning and hypothesis testing. Signup and view all the answers

What is object permanence?

The idea that objects exist even when they can't be seen. Signup and view all the answers

What does egocentrism mean in developmental psychology?

The inability to see things from another's perspective. Signup and view all the answers

Define the theory of mind.

Understanding that others have their own thoughts and perspectives. Signup and view all the answers

What does conservation refer to in psychology?

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape. Signup and view all the answers

What are autism spectrum disorders characterized by?

Difficulties in social interaction, language use, and flexibility in behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the period of concrete operation?

A stage that begins from ages 6-7 to age 11. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the formal operational stage.

Abstract reasoning begins around age 11. Signup and view all the answers

What is stranger anxiety?

Fear of new people that develops around ages 9 to 13 months. Signup and view all the answers

What is attachment in child psychology?

An emotional tie to another person, often a caregiver. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-concept?

A stable and positive understanding of one's identity. Signup and view all the answers

Define puberty.

The time of sexual maturation marked by increased sex hormones. Signup and view all the answers

Match Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning with their descriptions:

Preconventional morality = Follow rules for fear of punishment or to gain rewards. Conventional morality = Follow rules for social harmony. Postconventional morality = Sometimes rules need to be set aside for higher principles. Signup and view all the answers

What is moral intuition?

Quick decisions based on gut feelings rather than moral reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between continuous and stages in development.

Nurture is continuous while nature has distinct stages. Signup and view all the answers

What is rote memorization?

Learning through repetition without understanding meaning. Signup and view all the answers

Define prospective memory.

The ability to plan for future recall. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies?

Cross-sectional studies compare different ages at one time; longitudinal studies track the same individuals over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is imprinting?

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical early period. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Development

Development encompasses three main categories: physical, cognitive, and social/emotional.

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Consists of three stages: conception, prenatal development, and recognizing the newborn's capabilities.

Conception

Begins with the unification of sperm and egg to create a zygote, the first stage of a new organism.

Fetal Life Dangers

Teratogens are harmful substances that can impair fetal development.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) results in cognitive, behavioral, and physical abnormalities from alcohol exposure.

Fetal Life: Responding to Sounds

Fetuses can hear and respond to sounds, learning to differentiate and habituate to them in utero.

Inborn Skills

Newborns exhibit reflexes such as rooting, sucking, and crying, which are essential for survival and interaction.

Infancy and Childhood

Infancy marks the phase from newborn to toddler, while childhood transitions from toddler to pre-teen.

Maturation

Refers to biologically-driven growth that leads to predictable patterns of development, such as the sequential ability to lift heads, sit, crawl, and walk.

Cognitive Development

Involves mental processes like problem-solving, knowledge retention, language understanding, and self-reflection.

Jean Piaget

An influential figure who observed children's cognitive errors to understand their distinct thinking processes compared to adults.

Schema

Represents a mental framework that organizes experiences and knowledge.

Assimilation and Accommodation

Assimilation integrates new experiences into existing schemas; accommodation modifies schemas to incorporate new information.

Jean Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor: Birth to 2 years; exploration through senses and actions.
Preoperational: 2 to 7 years; symbolic thinking but lacks logical reasoning.
Concrete operational: 7 to 11 years; logical thinking about concrete events.
Formal operational: 11 years and up; abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

Object Permanence

A child’s understanding that objects still exist even when not visible, develops during the sensorimotor stage.

Egocentrism

The difficulty young children have in recognizing other perspectives, as illustrated in their reasoning about siblings.

Theory of Mind

The capability to understand that others have their own thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives.

Conservation

The principle that quantity remains constant despite changes in shape or appearance.

Autism Spectrum Disorders

Characterized by challenges in social interaction, language use, and flexibility in behavior, often linked to difficulty in understanding others’ perspectives.

Concrete Operation

Cognitive operations such as analogies that develop from ages 6 to 11.

Formal Operation

Emergence of allegorical thinking and abstract reasoning from age 11 onwards.

Stranger Anxiety

Common developmental phase occurring between 9 to 13 months when children exhibit fear of unfamiliar individuals.

Attachment

Emotional bonds formed with caregivers, influencing development; deprivation may lead to negative psychological outcomes.

Self-concept

Development of a stable and positive identity, typically formed between ages 8-10.

Puberty

Marks sexual maturation triggered by increased sex hormones, resulting in primary and secondary sexual characteristics and emotional shifts.

Lawrence Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Reasoning

Comprised of three stages:
- Preconventional (up to age 9): Adherence to rules based on consequences.
- Conventional (early adolescence): Conformity to social expectations.
- Postconventional (later adolescence and adulthood): Recognizing that rules may sometimes obstruct higher principles.

Moral Intuition

Instinctive emotional responses influencing moral decisions rather than analytical reasoning.

Continuous vs. Stages

Nurture is seen as a gradual process, contrasting with nature, which develops in distinct stages.

Rote Memorization

Refers to the process of learning facts without understanding, limiting deeper learning.

Prospective Memory

The ability to remember planned intentions and future tasks.

Cross-sectional Studies vs. Longitudinal Studies

Cross-sectional compares different age groups at one point in time; longitudinal examines the same individuals over an extended period.

Imprinting

A critical period attachment process observed in certain animals, establishing bonds early in life.

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Test your knowledge on the key concepts of development in psychology with these flashcards from Chapter 5. This set covers various types of development, prenatal stages, and the importance of fetal life. Enhance your understanding of cognitive, physical, and social/emotional development with this engaging review tool.