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Questions and Answers
Psychologists define learning as _____________.
Psychologists define learning as _____________.
The fact that Marta is not responding to stimuli shows that she has ____________ to them.
The fact that Marta is not responding to stimuli shows that she has ____________ to them.
Habituation is often regarded as ______________.
Habituation is often regarded as ______________.
The child has made which of the following?
The child has made which of the following?
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What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
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Classical conditioning occurs when an organism __________.
Classical conditioning occurs when an organism __________.
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The researcher who discovered classical conditioning, quite by accident, is __________.
The researcher who discovered classical conditioning, quite by accident, is __________.
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In Pavlov's classic experiment, the sound of the bell acted as ____________.
In Pavlov's classic experiment, the sound of the bell acted as ____________.
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An unconditioned response (UCR) is ____________.
An unconditioned response (UCR) is ____________.
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A fixed stimulus-response (S-R) pattern is known as ___________.
A fixed stimulus-response (S-R) pattern is known as ___________.
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In Pavlov's studies, the meat powder served as _________.
In Pavlov's studies, the meat powder served as _________.
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Another term for the word conditioned is ________.
Another term for the word conditioned is ________.
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In this study, the rat's conditioned response (CR) is the ___________.
In this study, the rat's conditioned response (CR) is the ___________.
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To Marla, the camera has become ________________.
To Marla, the camera has become ________________.
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Study Notes
Definitions of Learning
- Learning is defined as an enduring change in behavior due to experience.
Habituation and Responses
- Habituation refers to a decline in response to a repeated stimulus, indicating someone has become habituated to it.
- Considered the simplest form of learning, habituation helps organisms ignore irrelevant stimuli.
Association and Behavioral Responses
- Children can form associations, such as Timmy associating grocery bags with cookies.
- Distinction between classical and operant conditioning lies in their mechanisms:
- Classical conditioning involves associations between stimuli.
- Operant conditioning focuses on learning based on consequences of actions.
Classical Conditioning Fundamentals
- Classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns to associate a previously neutral stimulus with a significant stimulus.
- Ivan Pavlov is recognized for discovering classical conditioning accidentally through experiments with dogs.
Components of Classical Conditioning
- In Pavlov's experiment, the sound of the bell became a conditioned stimulus (CS) after being paired with meat powder.
- An unconditioned response (UCR) is characterized as automatic, natural, and inborn.
Reflexes and Conditioning
- A fixed stimulus-response (S-R) pattern is termed a reflex, illustrating automatic responses to stimuli.
- In Pavlov's case, meat powder served as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) driving the dogs’ natural salivation.
Concept of Conditioned Responses
- The conditioned response (CR), like the fear response in a rat, results from associating a neutral stimulus (like a flashing light) with a significant one (like a loud noise).
- A conditioned stimulus (CS) triggers a learned response, akin to Marla blinking before a camera flash.
Forward Conditioning
- Forward conditioning occurs when the neutral stimulus is presented before the unconditioned response, leading to associative learning.
Additional Terminology
- The term "conditioned" can also be understood as earned, indicating learned behaviors or responses through conditioning processes.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Psychology Chapter 8. Focus on key concepts such as learning definitions and understanding behavioral changes due to experiences. Perfect for quick reviews or exam prep!
