Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of reinforcement schedule involves a reward being given after a set amount of time has passed?
Which type of reinforcement schedule involves a reward being given after a set amount of time has passed?
What is the main characteristic of secondary reinforcement?
What is the main characteristic of secondary reinforcement?
What learning method involves the alteration of behavior based on the consequences of that behavior?
What learning method involves the alteration of behavior based on the consequences of that behavior?
Which of the following best denotes cognitive learning as illustrated by Sultan the chimp?
Which of the following best denotes cognitive learning as illustrated by Sultan the chimp?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a cognition map represent in the context of learning?
What does a cognition map represent in the context of learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Kohler demonstrate with his studies on Sultan the chimp?
What did Kohler demonstrate with his studies on Sultan the chimp?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the behavior of the rats in the maze illustrating?
What was the behavior of the rats in the maze illustrating?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of learning, what is an “Aha” experience mainly associated with?
In the context of learning, what is an “Aha” experience mainly associated with?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of primary reinforcement?
Which of the following is an example of primary reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of reinforcement schedule provides a reward after a varying amount of time has passed?
Which type of reinforcement schedule provides a reward after a varying amount of time has passed?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines learning in the context of behavior?
What defines learning in the context of behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
Which phenomenon occurs when a conditioned response decreases due to the absence of an unconditioned stimulus?
Which phenomenon occurs when a conditioned response decreases due to the absence of an unconditioned stimulus?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does the cerebellum play in learning?
What role does the cerebellum play in learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is positive reinforcement?
What is positive reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
Which learning theory is primarily associated with B.F. Skinner?
Which learning theory is primarily associated with B.F. Skinner?
Signup and view all the answers
What best describes vicarious learning?
What best describes vicarious learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a reinforcer in operant conditioning?
What is the purpose of a reinforcer in operant conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What does classical conditioning primarily involve?
What does classical conditioning primarily involve?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is NOT considered part of the learning process?
Which factor is NOT considered part of the learning process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of negative reinforcement?
What is the effect of negative reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes positive punishment?
Which of the following describes positive punishment?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes continuous reinforcement from intermittent reinforcement?
What distinguishes continuous reinforcement from intermittent reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of reinforcement involves rewarding based on the number of responses?
What type of reinforcement involves rewarding based on the number of responses?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of shaping behavior, what is the technique used to encourage new actions?
In the context of shaping behavior, what is the technique used to encourage new actions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is negative punishment?
What is negative punishment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which schedule of reinforcement is considered the most effective for maintaining a behavior that has already been learned?
Which schedule of reinforcement is considered the most effective for maintaining a behavior that has already been learned?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a component of the punishment concept?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the punishment concept?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the predicted effect of punishment on behavior?
What is the predicted effect of punishment on behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
Which scenario illustrates positive reinforcement?
Which scenario illustrates positive reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Learning Defined
- Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential resulting from experience.
- Temporary changes due to drugs, fatigue, or illness, and changes resulting from maturation are not considered learning.
- Learning can be positive or negative.
How We Learn
- Learning occurs through associations (pairing/conditioning).
- Direct learning happens through personal experience.
- Vicarious learning happens by observing others.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning describes how an organism learns to transfer a natural response from a natural stimulus to a neutral stimulus.
- Key figure: Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
- Pavlov's experiment involved a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone), an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food), an unconditioned response (e.g., salivation to food), and a conditioned response (e.g., salivation to the tone after repeated pairings).
Pavlov's Experiment
- Neutral stimulus doesn't initially cause a response.
- Unconditioned stimulus triggers an unconditioned response naturally.
- Repeated pairings of neutral and unconditioned stimuli lead to a conditioned response to the neutral stimulus.
- The neutral stimulus now becomes a conditioned stimulus.
Extinction
- Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, weakening the conditioned response.
- Repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to acquire a conditioned response can be reversed by weakening the bond between them.
Spontaneous Recovery
- Extinction merely suppresses the conditioned response, it can reappear after a rest period.
Classical Conditioning: Facts
- Neural basis: Cerebellum and limbic system.
- Mental imagery plays a role.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning is a form of learning where an organism learns a specific behavior in anticipation of the desired consequences.
Effects of Operant Conditioning
- Behavioral responses are strengthened by reinforcers.
- Behavioral responses are diminished by punishments.
- Key figure: B.F. Skinner (1904-1990).
Skinner's Experiments
- Operant Chamber (Skinner Box): A chamber where an animal manipulates a bar or key to receive a reinforcer (food or water)
- Reinforcement strengthens the desired behavior, punishment weakens it.
Reinforcement
- Reinforcer: A stimulus that strengthens the probability of a response following its presentation or removal.
- Positive Reinforcement: Presenting a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
Punishment
- Punishment: A stimulus that weakens the probability of a response following its presentation or removal.
- Positive Punishment: Presenting an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
- Negative Punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Reinforcement Schedules
- Continuous Reinforcement: All correct responses are reinforced.
- Intermittent Reinforcement: Some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced.
Intervals: Rewards after specific time intervals Ratios: Rewards after a certain number of responses
Fixed Interval: Predictable time intervals Variable Interval: Unpredictable time intervals Fixed Ratio: Predictable number of responses Variable Ratio: Unpredictable number of responses
Primary and Secondary Reinforcement
- Primary Reinforcement: naturally reinforcing (food, warmth, water).
- Secondary Reinforcement: learned associations with primary reinforcers (e.g., good grades, money).
Types of Learning
- Classical Conditioning: Learning through associations between events.
- Operant Conditioning: Learning through associations between behavior and consequences.
- Cognitive Learning: Learning through mental processes (e.g., insight, trial and error).
Example- Sultan the Chimp: Combining previously learned behaviours to solve new problems Example- Cognition Maps in Rats: Creating mental representations of environments. Example- Latent Learning in Rats: Learning occurring without immediate reward Example - Observational Learning : New behaviour is acquired by observing the actions and consequences
Observational Learning
- Observational learning: An extension of operant conditioning in which individuals learn by observing others. New behaviors emerge from observing and analyzing the consequences of the actions of the person/animal exhibiting the behavior.
Example- Bobo Doll experiment: Children who observed adults behaving aggressively toward a Bobo doll were more likely to exhibit similar aggressive behaviors later.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of learning, including the distinction between temporary changes and permanent behavior changes. This quiz covers classical conditioning, highlighting Ivan Pavlov's experiments and the mechanisms of learning through associations and experiences.
