Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a reflex?
What is a reflex?
- A response requiring prior experience
- An inevitable, involuntary response to stimuli (correct)
- A voluntary action
- A learned response to stimuli
What is instinct?
What is instinct?
An inborn pattern of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli.
Define learning.
Define learning.
A relatively permanent change in behavior or the capacity for behavior due to experience.
What is associative learning?
What is associative learning?
What is classical conditioning?
What is classical conditioning?
What characterizes operant conditioning?
What characterizes operant conditioning?
Define nonassociative learning.
Define nonassociative learning.
What is habituation?
What is habituation?
What does sensitization refer to?
What does sensitization refer to?
What is observational learning?
What is observational learning?
Define conditioned stimulus (CS).
Define conditioned stimulus (CS).
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
What does unconditioned response (UCR) refer to?
What does unconditioned response (UCR) refer to?
Define acquisition in learning.
Define acquisition in learning.
What is extinction?
What is extinction?
What is spontaneous recovery?
What is spontaneous recovery?
What does inhibition mean in classical conditioning?
What does inhibition mean in classical conditioning?
Define generalization in learning.
Define generalization in learning.
What is discrimination in psychology?
What is discrimination in psychology?
What is higher order conditioning?
What is higher order conditioning?
What does latent inhibition refer to?
What does latent inhibition refer to?
Define systematic desensitization.
Define systematic desensitization.
What is a conditioned reinforcer?
What is a conditioned reinforcer?
What is negative reinforcement?
What is negative reinforcement?
Define punishment in behavioral psychology.
Define punishment in behavioral psychology.
What is positive punishment?
What is positive punishment?
What is negative punishment?
What is negative punishment?
Define partial reinforcement.
Define partial reinforcement.
What is a fixed ratio (FR) schedule?
What is a fixed ratio (FR) schedule?
What characterizes a variable ratio (VR) schedule?
What characterizes a variable ratio (VR) schedule?
Define fixed interval (FI) schedule.
Define fixed interval (FI) schedule.
Study Notes
Key Concepts in Psychology
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Reflex: Involuntary response triggered by stimuli.
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Instinct: Inborn behavioral patterns activated by environmental factors; also referred to as fixed action patterns.
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Learning: Lasting change in behavior resulting from experience.
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Associative Learning: Establishment of connections between stimuli and behaviors.
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Classical Conditioning: Learning process where two sequential stimuli become associated.
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Operant Conditioning: Learning through associations formed between behaviors and outcomes.
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Nonassociative Learning: Changes in response magnitude to a single stimulus without forming associations.
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Habituation: A decrease in response to repeated, non-threatening stimuli.
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Sensitization: Heightened response to a wide range of stimuli following exposure to a strong stimulus.
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Observational Learning: Acquisition of behaviors by watching others.
Key Terms in Conditioning
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A learned environmental event linked to a specific response in classical conditioning.
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally produces a response without prior conditioning.
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Conditioned Response (CR): A response learned through association with a conditioned stimulus.
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Unconditioned Response (UCR): Response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.
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Acquisition: The process of developing a learned response.
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Extinction: Reduction in learned responses; in classical conditioning, occurs when CS is presented alone, and in operant conditioning, when reinforcement stops.
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Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of conditioned responses after a rest period during extinction training.
Advanced Concepts
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Inhibition: A prediction aspect of classical conditioning where a CS forecasts the absence of a UCS.
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Generalization: Responding similarly to stimuli that resemble the original CS.
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Discrimination: The learned ability to differentiate between different stimuli.
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Higher Order Conditioning: Learning where stimuli connected with a CS also prompt conditioned responses.
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Latent Inhibition: Slower learning when a CS is already known versus being novel.
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Systematic Desensitization: A therapeutic technique where exposure to fear-inducing stimuli occurs while practicing relaxation.
Reinforcement and Punishment
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Conditioned Reinforcer: A secondary reinforcer that derives value from associations with primary reinforcers.
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Negative Reinforcement: Increases behaviors by allowing escape from or avoidance of unpleasant outcomes.
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Punishment: Consequences that diminish the frequency of a specific behavior.
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Positive Punishment: Diminishing a behavior by introducing an aversive stimulus.
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Negative Punishment: Reducing behavior by withdrawing something desirable.
Schedules of Reinforcement
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Partial Reinforcement: Rewarding a behavior occasionally rather than every time.
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Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule: Reinforcement follows a set number of behaviors.
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Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule: Reinforcement is provided after a variable number of behaviors.
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Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule: Provides reinforcement after the first response following a specific time interval.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on key terms from Psychology Chapter 8 with these flashcards. Each card highlights important concepts such as reflexes, instincts, and learning processes. This quiz aims to reinforce fundamental psychology definitions and their applications.