Psychology Chapter 7 Test Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which we recollect prior experiences, information, and skills learned in the past?

memory

What type of memory refers to the memory of specific events?

episodic memory

What is an episodic memory that is recalled in great detail called?

flashbulb memory

Why are flashbulb memories vivid?

<p>They recall events with a special meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the memory of general knowledge called?

<p>semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory do facts learned in class become a part of?

<p>semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is specific to autobiographical and general knowledge?

<p>explicit memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of memory related to skills people have learned?

<p>implicit memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skills for riding a bicycle are part of which type of memory?

<p>implicit memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do both computers and people handle information?

<p>encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of transferring information into a form that can be stored?

<p>encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does visual code help a person remember a fact?

<p>by creating a mental picture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process where we maintain encoded information for periods of time?

<p>storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does repeating something to yourself until you remember it refer to?

<p>maintenance rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of maintenance rehearsal?

<p>it does not connect memorized material to past learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does relating something to information you already know refer to?

<p>elaborate rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought?

<p>retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does studying in the same room that you will take a test in help?

<p>due to context-dependent memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are memories that are retrieved because the mood in which they were encoded is recreated?

<p>state-dependent memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of memory?

<p>sensory memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensory register holds visual memory?

<p>iconic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ability refers to remembering visual stimuli for long periods of time?

<p>eidetic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sensory register holds sound?

<p>echoic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for working memory?

<p>short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does information in short-term memory typically last?

<p>several seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency to recall the initial items in a series called?

<p>primary effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency to recall the last items in a series called?

<p>recency effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organizations items into familiar units for better recall?

<p>chunking</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many items can the average person hold in short-term memory?

<p>seven items</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when new information appears in short-term memory and takes the place of what was already there?

<p>interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

In order to remember information for long periods, it must be transferred to what?

<p>long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organizing bits of information into mental representations of the world is known as what?

<p>schemas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can distort eyewitness memories of a crime?

<p>hypnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the easiest of the three basic memory tasks?

<p>recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Hermann Ebbinghaus' experiments show about a person's ability to recall a list of words?

<p>it decreases after the first hour of learning it</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most people forget things because of what normal memory processes?

<p>interference and decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud say repression is a reaction to?

<p>painful unpleasant memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Forgetting something on purpose because it is painful or unpleasant is known as what?

<p>repression</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory loss refers to the events leading up to or before a traumatic event?

<p>retrograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory loss refers to events that take place after a traumatic event?

<p>anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inability to remember things that happened during infancy called?

<p>infantile amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is infantile amnesia a result of?

<p>immature hippocampus, incomplete formation of language, and being focused on only the present</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a person remembering foreign language vocabulary achieve this?

<p>by maintenance rehearsal, constructing links, and paired associates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What helps remember by requiring deeper thought?

<p>relating new information to something you already know</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is combining chunks of information into a catchy or recognizable format called?

<p>mnemonic devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory Concepts

  • Memory: Process for recalling prior experiences, information, and learned skills.
  • Episodic Memory: Memory of specific events, allowing personal nostalgia.
  • Flashbulb Memory: Detailed recollection of an emotionally significant event.
  • Semantic Memory: Memory pertaining to general knowledge and facts acquired over time.

Types of Memory

  • Explicit Memory: Involves both autobiographical and general knowledge.
  • Implicit Memory: Non-declarative memory associated with skills learned, e.g., riding a bicycle.

Memory Processing

  • Encoding: Transferring information into a storable format.
  • Maintenance Rehearsal: Repetition of information to retain it; drawback includes lack of meaningful connection.
  • Elaborative Rehearsal: Associating new information with existing knowledge for improved retention.

Memory Retention

  • Storage: Sustaining encoded information over time.
  • Retrieval: Locating and bringing stored information back to conscious thought.
  • Context Dependent Memories: Recall enhanced when studying in the same environment as testing.
  • State Dependent Memories: Retrieval influenced by the mood present during encoding.

Memory Stages

  • Sensory Memory: First stage of memory retention, capturing initial sensory input.
  • Iconic Memory: Visual form of sensory memory.
  • Eidetic Memory: Ability to keep visual images for extended periods.
  • Echoic Memory: Auditory sensory memory retaining sounds.

Short Term Memory

  • Short Term Memory: Also known as working memory; lasts for several seconds.
  • Capacity: Average person can hold approximately seven items in short term memory.
  • Chunking: Organizing information into familiar units for easier recall.
  • Primary Effect: Tendency to remember the first items in a list.
  • Recency Effect: Tendency to remember the last items in a list.

Forgetting Mechanisms

  • Interference: New information displaces old information in short term memory.
  • Decay: Natural fading of information over time.
  • Repression: Deliberate forgetting of painful or unpleasant memories.

Amnesia

  • Retrograde Amnesia: Inability to recall events before a traumatic incident.
  • Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to remember events after a trauma.
  • Infantile Amnesia: Inability to recall memories from infancy, caused by an immature hippocampus and incomplete language formation.

Memory Enhancement Techniques

  • Mnemonic Devices: Strategy for remembering by using catchy formats like acronyms or jingles.
  • Constructing Links: Connecting new information with known facts to facilitate retrieval.

Learning and Memory

  • Hermann Ebbinghaus: Demonstrated that word recall decreases significantly within the first hour of learning.
  • Eyewitness Testimony: Susceptible to distortion, particularly through techniques like hypnosis.

Memory and Emotions

  • Emotional significance can enhance the vividness of memories, contributing to the formation of flashbulb memories.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the concepts of memory from Psychology Chapter 7. This quiz includes key terms such as episodic memory and flashbulb memory, providing a comprehensive review of important definitions and processes related to recollection. Perfect for students preparing for exams!

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