Questions and Answers
What is encoding in the information processing model?
What is storage in the context of memory?
Storing the information and being able to obtain it later.
What is retrieval?
Being able to access stored information.
Which of the following are types of memory?
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Give examples of implicit memory.
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Give examples of explicit memory.
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What is the hippocampus responsible for?
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What does PFC stand for?
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What is the selective type of encoding?
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What is conceptual type of encoding?
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What are memory traces?
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What are the three types of storage?
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What are the two kinds of sensory memory?
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What is iconic memory?
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What is echoic memory?
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List and briefly describe the three stages of remembering.
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What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?
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What is chunking?
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What are sensory, working, and long-term memory?
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What is the standard capacity of working memory?
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What is the standard capacity of long-term memory?
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What is a flashbulb memory?
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How do recall and recognition differ in memory tests?
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What is autobiographical memory?
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What is consolidation in memory?
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What is distinctiveness in memory?
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What is episodic memory?
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What is a flashbulb memory?
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Study Notes
Memory Processes
- Encoding: The initial step in the information processing model; involves transforming information for storage.
- Storage: The retention of encoded information for later access; critical for memory organization.
- Retrieval: The process of accessing stored information; essential for recalling memories when needed.
Types of Memory
- Implicit Memory: Involves skills and tasks; examples include riding a bike or driving a car. Knowledge is often unconscious and difficult to transfer to others.
- Explicit Memory: Comprises conscious recollections, such as memories of directions or definitions; this knowledge is easily communicated and shared.
Memory Systems and Structures
- Hippocampus: Unique horseshoe-shaped brain structure pivotal for long-term memory storage and spatial memory (location of objects and people).
- Prefrontal Cortex (PFC): Plays a role in memory processing, decision-making, and working memory.
Encoding Types
- Selective Encoding: Focused attention leads to better encoding; not all information can be encoded due to limited attention.
- Conceptual Encoding: Involves understanding and relating new information to existing knowledge for effective recall.
Memory Traces
- Memory Traces: Changes in the brain that correspond to the storage of memories; can deteriorate over time, affecting recall.
Memory Storage Types
- Sensory Memory: Brief retention of sensory input before it is processed; includes iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memories.
- Working Memory: Temporary holding and processing of information currently in focus.
- Long-Term Memory: Information stored over extended periods, not immediately needed but readily accessible.
Sensory Memory Types
- Iconic Memory: Visual fleeting impressions that last a very short period.
- Echoic Memory: Auditory information that is momentarily retained, like recalling a question after asking "What?"
Stages of Memory
- Three Stages: Encoding (initial learning), Storage (long-term retention), and Retrieval (accessing information).
Memory Differences
- Explicit vs. Implicit Memory: Explicit memory is conscious and intentional, while implicit memory is automatic and not consciously recalled.
Memory Improvement Techniques
- Chunking: Organizing information into manageable units to enhance memory capacity and recall.
Memory Capacities
- Working Memory Capacity: Typically ranges from 5 to 9 items, also known as Miller's law.
- Long-Term Memory Capacity: Considered to be virtually unlimited.
Special Memory Types
- Flashbulb Memory: Vivid and detailed memories of significant events; often perceived as more accurate than regular memories but can still be flawed.
- Autobiographical Memory: Personal recollections of one’s life events.
Memory Stability Processes
- Consolidation: The process stabilizing memory traces after encoding, integrating them into long-term memory.
- Distinctiveness: Unusual events are more vividly recalled and recognized compared to typical occurrences.
Episodic Memory
- Episodic Memory: The ability to remember specific episodes and events in one’s life; essential for narrative and personal history recall.
Memory Tests
- Recall vs. Recognition: Recall involves retrieving information without prompts, while recognition is identifying previously learned information; examples include essay questions (recall) vs. multiple-choice tests (recognition).
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Description
This quiz provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts of memory, including encoding, storage, and retrieval. It covers essential terms and definitions that are crucial for understanding the information processing model. Test your knowledge on these key components of memory.
